Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
UPSC Syllabus for Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
Case Studies on above issues.
2022
Preoccupation with peripheral issues leads to the travesty of justice:
- They may lose sight of their goals and objectives.
- Lead to lack of accountability -not being answerable for the core issues â hold ego-defensive attitudes.
- Makes officers less empatheticÂ
E.g.: Tribal girl in Jharkhand died due to starvation since her Aadhar was not linked with ration card. - Poor decision-makingâNot able to prioritise duty over work
- Ineffective service delivery
E.g.: Rejecting RTI due to incorrect format.
In order to avoid these problems, administrators must remain focused on the core issues andmust be willing to overlook minor details and extraneous issues in order to address the fundamental problems facing their organization. By doing so, they can ensure that they are providing effective service delivery and good governance to their constituents.
However, empathy and compassion are also important attributes for civil servants as they deal with various individuals and groups in society, including marginalized.
Importance of empathy and Compassion:
- Empathy: Helps to better understand the concerns of peoplefrom their perspective.
E.g.: Divya Devarajan IAS learned Gond language to better communicate with the tribals of Adilabad, AP. - Resolving dilemma: Helps ineffective decision making and conflict resolution by bringing in different perspectives.
- Decision making: Increases spirit of service and problem solving
- Build public trust and participation.
E. g.: Atul Kulkarni initiated âBharosa cellsâ for women to help overcome their fear of police. - Welfare of citizen: Effective implementation of schemes
E.g.: Dr Rajendra Bharud, collector of Maharashtraâs Nandurbar, used his medical skills and compassion to arrange for medical support for tribal district during Covid.
Positive minded officers possess:
- Innovation and Efficiency: They explore innovative solutions to streamline processes and improve citizen experience.
E.g.: The officer interprets the rules to accommodate electronic signatures, enabling citizens to digitally sign documents. - Empowering Grassroots Initiatives: They encourage community participation and collaboration to address local challenges.
E.g.: The officer interprets rules to delegate decision-making powers to local bodies, empowering them to implement development projects according to local needs. - Objectivity:They ensure that scheme is carried out for the purpose it was created rather than worrying about administrative aspect of implementation of the scheme.
E.g.: When an officer at bank sends an official at the home of senior citizen for the banking services instead of refusing for the service. - Spirit of public service:They interpret the rules and regulations to provide justice in efficient manner and use their discretion to help the people.
- Rigid Interpretation: A negative-minded Indian civil servant interprets rules and regulations strictly without considering the context or potential positive outcomes.
E.g.: Denying food grains at ration shop to a person because his biometrics details were not updated in the database due to connectivity issues. - Resistance to Change:They resists adopting new technologies or practices due to concerns about non-compliance or potential risks, even if they can significantly improve service delivery and efficiency.
E.g.: The officer dismisses the use of digital platforms for filing tax returns, citing concerns about data security and unfamiliar regulations. - Micromanagement: A negative-minded officer interprets rules in a way that promotes excessive control and micromanagement, limiting the autonomy and creativity of subordinates.
E.g.: Constant interference and excessive monitoring hampers the initiative and motivation of team members, leading to reduced efficiency.
Ethics and smooth functioning of organisation
- Maintain moral qualities of professional integrity, accountability etc
- Improves work culture â better work-relationships, trust
- Ethical methods of meeting company goals â improved results.
- Social cohesion: Besides the above professional values, ethics promote compassion, fairness, respect, and responsibility in human life.
- Moral agent: Ethics distinguish between right and wrong, and to choose morally correct.
- Live a life with dignity in upholding morals â
E. g.: Bring work-life balance and stability - Self-Awareness: Achieve self-realisation and use ability for benefit of others.
- Emotional Intelligence: They provide a framework for decision-making that is fair and just. This helps to reduce the likelihood of conflicts arising in the first place.
E.g.: In a business negotiation, ethical individuals prioritize cooperation over competition, seeking opportunities for mutually beneficial agreements. - Attitude: Individuals can analyse the situation and evaluate the options available to them based on ethical principles.
E.g.: If an employee is faced with a situation to do something unethical by their supervisor, they can prioritize honesty and integrity. - Empathy and Compassion:Help resolve conflicts in a waythat is constructive and beneficial for all parties involved.
E.g.:In a family dispute over inheritance, a mediator shows empathy towards each family member, acknowledging their emotional attachment to certain assets.
Our right to do things:
- Legal Rights:They define what individuals or groups are legally allowed to do or possess.
E.g.:A person has the legal right to freedom of speech, which allows them to express their opinions without fear of government censorship or persecution. - Moral Rightness: It is subjective and can vary based on personal beliefs, cultural norms, or philosophical perspectives.
E.g.:While a person may have the legal right to spread rumours it is considered morally wrong because it causes harm and violates principles of respect.
- Actively benefit others: Increase the reputation and honour of oneâs institution.
E.g.: CSR, Probity, Transparency - Protect the rights of others: Under the Article 25, every citizen has freedom to profess, practice and propagate the religion. But, promoting religious conversion through bribery, coercion, violence is wrong and illegal action.
- Moral obligation:Moral obligations are duties or responsibilities guided by ethical principles or personal values.
E.g.: A doctor has a legal obligation to maintain patient confidentiality as mandated by healthcare privacy laws.
Role of Parents in making difference:
- Values:Play crucial role in instilling moral values and ethics in their children.
E.g.: Inchildhoodparents can tell moral storiesinculcate values. - Role model:Children learn by observing parents and emulating their actions.
E.g.: Hard work, honesty etc can be developed in children by the attitude of parents. - Father:The role of a father in this context symbolizes leadership and guidance within the family unit and society as a whole.
E.g.: He can lead by example, teaching their children about honesty, responsibility, and the consequences of corrupt behaviour. - Mother:By fostering a sense of justice and nurturing moral character, mothers contribute to the development of an ethical and corruption-free society.
- Role model:They can inspire their students to be honest, fair, and responsible in their actions and decisions.
E.g.: They can inculcate values like secularism, gender equality etc. - Critical thinking: Promote ethical behaviour by modelling it themselves, creating a safe and respectful learning environment, and providing guidance and support to students who may be struggling.
E.g.: Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was spiritual teacher of Swami Vivekananda and he transformed the character of Vivekananda by teaching.
Things to hold to be successful:
- Sacrifice and Commitment: Success often requires dedication, hard work, and perseverance, which may involve sacrificing other opportunities, comforts, or personal desires.
Example: An aspiring athlete who dedicates countless hours to training, sacrifices leisure time, and maintains a strict diet in order to excel in their sport. - Prioritization and Trade-offs: To achieve success, individuals often need to prioritize their goals and make choices, sometimes giving up one thing to attain another.
Example: A student aiming for academic success may have to sacrifice recreational activities or limit social engagements to allocate more time for studying and preparation. - Persistence and Perseverance: It requires perseverance, resilience, and the willingness to keep pushing forward despite obstacles or setbacks along the way.
Example: An entrepreneur may face financial struggles and uncertainty; however, they persist and make personal sacrifices to establish a successful venture. - Personal Growth and Development: It may require giving up familiar routines or embracing new challenges to reach higher levels of achievement.
Example: An individual who aspires to become a professional musician may sacrifice a stable job to pursue their passion.
- Encourages to reflect on what they are willing to give up in order to achieve their goals.
- We can cultivate a sense of appreciation and gratitude for the sacrifices.
- Reminds us that success is not always easy, and requires hard work, dedication, and sacrifice.
- In public servants this can help in cultivating perseverance and resilience.
- Helps to choose the hard but ethical path in life. Example, not to copy in exams, take bribes etc
- Become empathetic to the sufferings of others and help them.
Recent initiatives in terms of e-Governance steps taken by the State have greatly helped the beneficiaries: -
- Digital Services: Online services for various applications has reduced paperwork and long waiting times.
E.g.: DigiLocker aims at digital empowerment of citizens by providing access to authentic digital documents. - Transparency and Accountability:
E.g.: Initiatives like e-Tendering and e-Procurement have reduced corruption in public procurement. - Citizen Engagement: Promotes participatory democracy.
E.g.: MyGov.in allow citizens to contribute ideas and feedback on various policies, promoting a participatory approach - Online Grievance Redressal: Develop trust in government.
E.g.: Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) has made it easier for beneficiaries to register complaints and seek resolution. - Efficient Service Delivery:Enables hassle free services.
E.g.: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) enable the direct transfer of government subsidies to beneficiaries' bank accounts, eliminating intermediaries and reducing leakages.
Advantages of Online Methodology:
- Convenience â reduces workload
- Accessibility â data can transfer long and accessed much easily simultaneously
E.g.: Online methodology has led to wider acceptance for âWork from Homeâ, which has provided a boost to encourage careers and managing work-life balance. - Cost-effectiveness â less infrastructure and man-power needed
E.g.:Teleconsultation has made it easy for patients and doctors to connect at ease, especially during the time of pandemic.
- Frequent network issues and technical problems particularly in underdeveloped regions.
- Increase in unemployment due to online education and other services.
- Digital divide presents a challenge for universal usage of online mediums.
- Inequitable Access: Not everyone has equal access to technology or reliable internet connectivity, which can create a digital divide.
E.g.: Poor connectivity in remote villages hinders access to online education, leaving marginalized students at a disadvantage. - Exclusion of Non-Digital Natives:
E.g.: Senior citizens, face challenges in accessing online healthcare due to limited technological proficiency. - Cybersecurity Risks: Vulnerable individuals may fall victim to online fraud.
E.g.: Phishing scams. - Online Harassment and Exploitation: Vulnerable groups, such as women, children, and LGBTQ+ individuals, may faceharassment.
E.g.: Instances of online stalking - Bias and Discrimination: Online decision-making systems may perpetuate biases:
Eg.: Biased facial recognition technology that disproportionately misidentifies individuals with darker skin tones can lead to discriminatory outcomes in law enforcement - Diversity issues:
E.g.: Lack of content in tribal languages, application being not differently-abled friendly.
Ethical issues involved in Ukraine Russia War include:
- Human rights: Women, children and other vulnerable section faces unprecedented hardships for no fault of theirs.
- Rights of future generation: Cost of present generation war is paid by next generation. Example, effects of atom bomb in Japan continues even after several decades.
- Issues of accountability:In war time, who is accountable and answerable to whom, there is no fix criteria. This leads to indiscriminate killings.
- Proportionality: Ethics of war should be entitled to its proportionate response but, attack on Ukraine nuclear reactor by Russia can amount to grave consequences to the world.
- War as last resort: Has both nations tried all forms of negotiations and mediation. Russia and Ukraine should have gone for mediation by UN or a neutral country.
- Economic and environmental consequences: The conflict has disrupted trade, damaged infrastructure, and caused environmental damage, such as oil spills.
5. (b) Write short notes on the following in 30 words each:
i) Constitutional morality
ii) Conflict of interest
iii) Probity in public life
iv) Challenges of digitalization
v) Devotion to duty
E.g.:When the Indian Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the right to privacy as a fundamental right, it was a clear example of adherence to constitutional morality
(ii) Conflict of interest: A situation where a public official's personal interests or financial interests may conflict with the interests of the public, and may impair their ability to perform their duties objectively.
E.g.:If a public official owns shares in a company that is seeking government contracts
(iii) Probity in public life: The adherence to high ethical standards and values in public life, which includes honesty, integrity, transparency, and accountability.
E.g.: Public official discloses their assets and liabilities, demonstrates their commitment to transparency and accountability in public life
(iv) Challenges of digitalization: The ethical challenges that arise with the increasing use of technology and digitalization including privacy and security concerns, access and inclusivity issues, and the need for digital literacy and skills.
E.g.: Digital divide presents a challenge for universal usage of online mediums.
(v) Devotion to duty: The commitment of public officials to perform their duties with dedication and diligence, and to prioritize the public interest over their own personal interests.
E.g.: Healthcare workers continue to work tirelessly during a pandemic, despite the risks to their own health.
Policy measures for whistle-blowerprotection:
- Legal Protection: There should be clear and strong legal protection for whistleblowers, including provisions for anonymity, protection against retaliation, and immunity from civil and criminal liability.
E.g.:The Whistle-blower Protection Act of the United States provides legal safeguards to federal employees who report misconduct. - Institutional Mechanisms: Whistleblower Protection Officers and Whistleblower Protection Cells can be set up to receive, process, and act on complaints.
E.g.: Like The Office of the Whistleblower Protection Commissioner in South Africa in protection and support of whistleblowers. - Awareness Campaigns: Educate people about its importance and the protections available to them.
- Training and Support: Whistleblowers should be provided with training on how to identify and report wrongdoing, and how to protect themselves from retaliation and support mechanisms, including legal advice, counselling, and financial assistance
- Confidentiality: The identity of whistleblowers should be kept confidential, and steps should be taken to prevent leaks or breaches of confidentiality.
E.g.: The Dodd-Frank Act in the United States includes provisions for monetary rewards to whistleblowers who provide information leading to successful enforcement actions against financial fraud.
Importance of CSR
- Principle of trusteeship: Helps in building trust and enhance the reputation of a company among stakeholders, including customers, employees, investors, and communities.
- Employee Engagement and Retention: Promote healthy work culture and corporate governance
E.g.: Google is renowned for its CSR efforts and commitment to employee well-being. - Community development: Play important role in solving societal problems and promotes inclusive growth
E.g.: Microsoftâs "AI for Earth" program aims to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) technology to address environmental challenges. - Supplement government efforts
- Not binding: CSR initiatives are often voluntary, ad-hoc, and driven by public relations considerations rather than genuine concern for social impact.
- Illegal activities: CSR initiatives can serve as a smokescreen for corporations to mask unethical and exploitative business practices.
E.g.: Labour rights violations, environmental degradation, and tax evasion. - Corporate â Politico nexus: Concerns of political favouritism also affects CSR model.
E.g.: Using CSR fund for political nexus.
- Define clear CSR objectives:Incorporateenvironmentally and socially sustainable business practices
- Integration into Core Business Practices: Ensuring fair and ethical treatment of employees and suppliers.
- Engage stakeholders: Engage in transparent and accountable corporate governance
E.g.: The partnership between the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and various private sector companies. - Measurement and Reporting: Better government regulations and policies that hold companies accountable for their impact on the environment and society
His was a professional company and his local bosses were under pressure from their London-based HO to show some positive results. In the last performance review meeting taken by the Executive Director (India Head), he was reprimanded for his poor performance. He assured them that his division is working on a special contract from the Ministry of Defence for a secret installation near Gwalior and tender is being submitted shortly.
He was under extreme pressure and he was deeply perturbed. What aggravated the situation further was a warning from the top that if the deal is not clinched in favour of the company, his division might have to be closed and he may have to quit his lucrative job.
There was another dimension which was causing him deep mental torture and agony. This pertained to his personal precarious financial health. He was a single earner in the family with two school-college going children and his old ailing mother. The heavy expenditure on education and medical was causing a big strain to his monthly pay packet. Regular EMI for housing loan taken from bank unavoidable and any default would render him liable for severe legal action.
In the above backdrop, he was hoping for some miracle to happen. There was sudden turn of events. His Secretary informed that a gentleman Subhas Verma wanted to see him as he was interested in the position of Manager which was to be filled by him in the company. He further brought to his notice that his CV has been received through the office of the Minister of Defence.
During interview of the candidate-Subhash Verma, he found him technically sound, resourceful and experienced marketeer. He seemed to be well-conversant with tendering procedures and having knack of follow-up and liaising in this regard Prabhat felt that he was better choice than the rest of the candidates who were recently interviewed by him in the last few days.
Subhash Verma also indicated that he was in possession of the copies of the bid documents that the Unique Electronics Ltd. would be submitting the next day to the Defence Ministry for their tender. He offered to hand over those documents subject to his employment in the company on suitable terms and conditions. He made it clear that in the process, the Sterling Electric Ltd. could outbid their rival company and get the bid and hefty Defence Ministry order. He indicated that it will be win-win situation for both-him and the company.
Prabhat was absolutely stunned. It was a mixed feeling of shock and thrill. He was uncomfortable and perspiring. If accepted, all his problems would vanish instantly and he may be rewarded for securing the much awaited tender and thereby boosting companyâs sales and financial health. He was in a fix as to the future course of action. He was wonder-struck at the guts of Subhash Verma in having surreptitiously removing his own company papers and offering to the rival company for a job. Being an experienced person, he was examining the pros and cons of the proposal/situation and he asked him to come the next day.
(a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.
(b) Critically examine the options available to Prabhat in the above situation.
(c) Which of the above would be the most appropriate for Prabhat and why?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Â Ethical issues involved in the case
- Corruption and bribery as Subhash Verma is offering confidential bid documents to Sterling Electric Ltd. in exchange for employment.
- Professional ethics as Prabhat is under pressure to secure a government contract and is considering hiring someone who has stolen documents from his previous employer.
- Personal ethics as Prabhat is facing financial strain and may be tempted to accept Subhash Verma's offer to solve his personal problems.
- Loyalty and trust as Prabhat must decide whether to hire someone who has shown disloyalty to his previous employer.
- Refuse offer and report him to the appropriate authorities:
- This option maintains his integrity and ensures disciplinary action is taken against Subhash. But this could jeopardize his chances of securing the government contract and could lead to the closure of his division.
- Accept offer and hire him:
- This will enable him to keep his job but this would be unethical as it involves accepting stolen documents and could harm the reputation of Sterling Electric Ltd.
- Reject Subhash Verma's offer and continue searching for a suitable candidate for the position.
- This will help maintain integrity. However, this may not solve the issue of corruption involved. Subhash may go to another company.
To reject the officer and report the incident.
- By doing so, he upholds ethical principles, maintains the integrity of the bidding process, and protects the interests of his current company.
- Accepting stolen bid documents and engaging in bribery or corruption would not only be unethical but also expose Prabhat and his company to legal and reputational risks.
- Also, it is not guaranteed that hiring Subhash Verma would lead to the successful bid for the government contract.
- Prabhat should then focus on finding a qualified and ethical candidate for the position and work towards securing the government contract through legal and ethical means.
(a) What are the options available to Ramesh as the Director of the Home Department of the bordering State?
(b) What option should Ramesh adopt and why?
(c) Critically evaluate each of the options.
(d) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Ramesh?
(e) What policy measures would you suggest to combat the menace of infiltration of illegal migrants from the neighbouring country?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Options available to Ramesh as the Director of the Home Department of the bordering State
- He can comply with the Additional Home Secretary's instructions and withdraw the confidential report.
- He can refuse to withdraw the report and stand by his findings, regardless of the consequences.
- He can approach the higher authorities, and request their intervention.
- He can leak the report to the media or other sources, in order to bring public attention to the issue.
- He can resign from his position in protest against the government's unwillingness to address the issue of illegal migration.
- This option is likely to lead to a constructive solution to the problem.
- By bringing the matter to the attention of the higher authorities, Ramesh can ensure that the issue is taken seriously and that appropriate action is taken to address it.
- This option also allows Ramesh to remain within the system and continue to work towards resolving the issue of illegal migration.
- Compliance with the Additional Home Secretary's instructions may help Ramesh maintain his position and promotion prospects, but it would compromise his professional integrity and allow the problem of illegal migration to continue.
- Refusal to withdraw the report would uphold Ramesh's professional integrity, but it could lead to negative consequences for his career and personal life.
- Leaking the report to the media or other sources may generate public attention and pressure the government to act, but it could also have negative consequences for Ramesh and his family.
- Resignation would make a strong statement about Ramesh's commitment to professional ethics, but it would also remove him from the system and potentially make it more difficult for him to influence policy decisions.
- Balancing personal and professional responsibilities: Ramesh faces the challenge of addressing the issue of illegal migration while dealing with his mother's illness and his children's education.
- Upholding integrity versus self-interest: Ramesh must decide whether to prioritize the integrity of his role and the well-being of the state over potential personal repercussions.
- Navigating conflicting instructions: Ramesh receives contradictory instructions from the Additional Home Secretary and is confronted with the ethical dilemma of choosing between complying with the directive or standing by his findings
- Strengthening border security and surveillance - deploy advanced technologies, and increase the presence of security personnel at borders
- Improving the documentation process to prevent forgery â Example, QR codes
- Increasing penalties for those involved in illegal migration â Fine and imprisonment
- Creating legal pathways for migration that meet the needs of the economy and society
- Work with international organizations and neighbouring countries to address the root causes of migration, such as poverty, conflict, and lack of opportunities.
- Public education campaigns can also help raise awareness about the dangers of illegal migration and the importance of respecting the law.
(a) What are the options available with Ashok to cope up with the situation?
(b) Critically evaluate/examine each of the options identified by Ashok.
(c) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Ashok?
(d) Which of the options, do you think, would be the most appropriate for Ashok to adopt and why?
(e) In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for police officers posted to such districts where stone mining illegal activities are rampant? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) The options available with Ashok
- Ignore the pressure and release the investigative report: exposing the nexus
- Stay silent and comply: hand over the investigative report to the TV channel CMD, as advised, and drop the idea of making the story public.
- Seek external support: Ashok can reach out to external media outlets, regulatory authorities, or investigative agencies
- Resign from his job: Ashok can choose to resign from his job and release the report independently. This would give him the freedom to report the truth without any fear of reprisal.
- Releasing report could help in exposing the nexus of the stone mafia, corrupt officials, and politicians. But it could lead to Ashok being targeted. There is also a risk of losing his job and credibility.
- Staying silent compromises journalistic integrity and enables the corrupt individuals to continue their illegal activities without facing consequences. It prioritizes personal benefits over the public interest and may perpetuate a culture of corruption.
- Seeking external support provides an avenue for independent investigation and intervention, ensuring that the matter is addressed by external authorities. It may enhance the chances of justice and hold the responsible individuals accountable.
- Resigning from his job and releasing the report independently could lead to financial difficulties for Ashok and his family. There is also a risk that the report may not get the necessary attention and impact if it is released independently.
- Upholding journalistic integrity: dilemma of maintaining his professional duty as an investigative journalist and exposing the truth, or compromising his integrity by suppressing the report for personal gain.
- Balancing personal interests and public interest: Ashok must consider the potential benefits offered by the TV channel CMD against the ethical responsibility to serve the public interest and expose corruption.
(e) Type of training for police officers posted to such districts
- Cover topics such as identifying illegal mining activities, gathering evidence, dealing with corrupt officials, and working with the community to tackle the problem.
- Cover the legal aspects of the issue and the role of the police in enforcing the law.
- Regular refresher courses and assessments to ensure that the officers are equipped to handle the challenges posed by such activities.
10. You have done MBA from a reputed institution three years back but could not get campus placement due to COVID-19 generated recession. However, after a lot of persuasion and series of competitive tests including written and interview, you managed to get a job in a leading shoe company. You have aged parents who are dependent and staying with you. You also recently got married after getting this decent job. You were allotted the Inspection Section which is responsible for clearing the final product. In first one year, you learnt your job well and was appreciated for your performance by the management. The company is doing good business for last five years in domestic market and this year it is decided even to export to Europe and Gulf countries. However, one large consignment to Europe was rejected by their Inspecting Team due to certain poor quality and was sent back. The top management ordered that ibid consignment to be cleared for the domestic market. As a part of Inspecting Team, you observed the glaring poor quality and brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander. However, the top management advised all the members of the team to overlook these defects as the management cannot bear such a huge loss. Rest of the team members except you promptly signed and cleared the consignment for domestic market, overlooking glaring defects. You again brought to the knowledge of the Team Commander that such consignment, if cleared even for domestic market, will tarnish the image and reputation of the company and will be counter-productive in the long run. However, you were further advised by the top management that if you do not clear the consignment, the company will not hesitate to terminate your services citing certain innocuous reasons.
(a) Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a member of the Inspecting Team?
(b) Critically evaluate each of the options listed by you.
(c) What option would you adopt and why?
(d) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by you?
(e) What can be the consequences of overlooking the observations raised by the Inspecting Team?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Options available to you as a member of the Inspecting Team
- Clear the consignment as directed by the top management, ignoring the glaring defects.
- Refuse to clear the consignment and risk losing your job.
- Report the issue to the higher authorities in the company or relevant government authorities.
- Look for alternative jobs and quit the company.
- Option 1: Clearing the consignment will keep your job secure, but it will go against professional ethics and could harm the company's reputation in the long run.
- Option 2: Refusing to clear the consignment will uphold your professional ethics, but it will put my job at risk and could also harm financial stability.
- Option 3: Reporting the issue to the higher authorities in the company or relevant government authorities will uphold professional ethics, but it may not guarantee job security and could also invite retaliation from the top management.
- Option 4: Looking for alternative jobs and quitting the company will allow to uphold professional ethics and move to a better work environment, but it may take time to find a new job, and it could also affect financial stability.
- To refuse to clear the consignment and explain to the management why it goes against your professional ethics.
- I can also suggest redesigning and remodelling the shoes under a different economy segment of the company.
- If the top management does not relent, the issue should be reported to higher authorities or relevant government authorities.
- Upholding professional ethics is important for long-term career growth, and the consequences of overlooking glaring defects could have long-term negative impacts on the company's reputation.
- Balancing personal and financial responsibilities with professional integrity.
- Navigating the pressure to compromise on quality for short-term gains.
- Considering the potential impact on the company's reputation and customer trust.
- Evaluating the implications of job security and potential termination.
- Harm the company's reputation in the long run - Allowing poor-quality products can tarnish image and get negative reviews.
- Loss of customers- resulting in a loss of market share and decreased customer loyalty.
- legal issues and financial losses - legal liabilities, lawsuits, and penalties from regulatory bodies
- Affect employee ethics and work-culture - Overlooking quality issues can lead to demotivated employees and potential employee turnover.
11. Rakesh was working as a Joint Commissioner in Transport department of a city. As a part of his job profile, among others, he was entrusted with the task of overseeing the control and functioning of City Transport Department. A case strike by driversâ union of City Transport Department over the issue of compensation to a driver who died on duty while driving the bus came up before him for decision in the matter.
He gathered that the driver (deceased) was plying Bus No. 528 which passed through busy and congested roads of the city. It so happened that near an intersection on the way, there was an accident involving a middle-aged man. It was found that there was altercation between the driver and the car driver. Heated arguments between them led to fight and the driver gave him a a blow. Lots of passersby had gathered and tried to intervene but without success. Eventually, both of them were badly injured and profusely bleeding and were taken to the nearby hospital. The driver succumbed to the injuries and could not be saved. The middle-aged driverâs condition was also critical but after a day, he recovered and was discharged. Police had immediately come to the spot and FIR was registered. Police investigation revealed that the quarrel in was started by the bus driver and he had resorted to physical violence. There was an exchange of blows between them.
The City Transport Department management is considering of not giving any extra compensation to the driverâs (deceased) family. The family is very aggrieved. depressed and agitated against the discriminatory and non-sympathetic approach of the City Transport Department management. The bus driver (deceased) was 52 years of age, was survived by his wife and two school-college going daughters. He was the sole earner of the family. The City Transport Department workersâ union took up this case and when found no favourable response from the management, decided to go on strike. The unionâs demand was twofold. First was full extra compensation as given to other drivers who died on duty and secondly employment to one family member. The strike has continued for 10 days and the deadlock remains.
(a) What are the options available to Rakesh to meet the above situation?
(b) Critically examine each of the options identified by Rakesh
(c) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by Rakesh?
(d) What course of action would Rakesh adopt to diffuse the above situation?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Options available to Rakesh to meet the situation
- Approve the union's demands and provide full extra compensation to the deceased driver's family, along with employment for one family member.
- Reject the union's demands and maintain the current policy of compensation for drivers who died on duty.
- Initiate a dialogue with the union and the deceased driver's family to understand their concerns and explore possible solutions.
- Seek legal advice to determine the appropriate course of action in line with the law and department policies.
Merits
- Demonstrates empathy and support
- Appease the union and end the strike.
- Maintains a positive public image for Department
- Sets a precedent for similar demands
- May strain the department's financial resources.
Merits
- Upholds consistency in compensation policies.
- Demonstrates adherence to established rules and regulations.
- Avoids potential strain on the department's finances.
- Escalates the strike and leads to prolonged unrest
- Damage the department's public image and reputation.
Merits
- Demonstrates a willingness to listen and understand the grievances
- Provides an opportunity to find a mutually agreeable solution.
- Promotes transparency and open communication.
- Dialogue may take time
- Requires careful negotiation and compromise
- No guarantee of reaching a satisfactory resolution.
Merits
- Ensures compliance with legal obligations and regulations.
- Provides a clear framework for decision-making.
- Reduces the risk of potential legal disputes in the future.
- Legal advice may limit the flexibility of decision-making.
- May not address the emotional and social aspects of the situation.
- Balancing the financial constraints of the department with the needs and expectations of the deceased driver's family.
- Addressing the potential discrimination concerns raised by the union and ensuring fairness in compensation policies.
- Maintaining the integrity and reputation of the City Transport Department while making a decision that impacts the workers' morale and public perception.
- Rakesh should initiate a dialogue with the union and the deceased driver's family to understand their concerns and grievances.
- He should demonstrate empathy and transparency, explaining the department's financial limitations and legal obligations.
- Rakesh can explore options for providing a reasonable compensation package within the available resources and consider offering support services to the family.
- Open communication and a collaborative approach may help in diffusing the situation and finding a resolution that considers the interests of all stakeholders.
12. You are appointed as an officer heading the section in Environment Pollution Control Board to ensure compliance and its follow-up. In that region, there were large number of small and medium industries which had been granted clearance. You learnt that these industries provide employment to many migrant worker. Most of the industrial units have got environmental clearance certificate in their possession. The environmental clearance seeks to curb industries and projects that supposedly hamper environment and living species in the region, But in practice. most of these units remain to be polluting units in several ways like air, water and soil pollution. As such, local people encountered persistent health problems.
It was confirmed that majority of the industries were violating environmental compliance. You issued notice to all the industrial units to apply for fresh environmental clearance certificate from the competent authority. However, your action met with hostile response from a section of the industrial units, other vested interest persons and a section of the local politicians. The workers also became hostile to you as they felt that your action would lead to the closure of these industrial units, and the resultant unemployment will lead to insecurity uncertainty in their livelihood. Many owners of the industries approached you with the plea that you should not initiate harsh action as it would compel them their units, and cause huge financial loss, shortage of their products in the market. These would obviously add to the sufferings of the labourers and the consumers alike. The labour union also sent you representation requesting against the closure of the units. You simultaneously started receiving threats from unknown corners. You however received supports from some of your colleagues, who advised you to act freely to ensure environmental compliance. Local NGOs also came to your support and they demanded the closure of the polluting units immediately.
(a) What are the options available to you under the given situation?
(b) Critically examine the options listed by you.
(c) What type of mechanism would you suggest to ensure environmental compliance?
(d)What are the ethical dilemmas you faced in exercising your option?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a)Options are available to me as the officer heading the section in Environment Pollution Control Board
- Strictly enforce the environmental laws and regulations, and initiate legal action against the violators.
- Hold discussions with the owners of the industrial units to persuade them to adopt measures to reduce pollution and comply with environmental regulations.
- Encourage the industrial units to switch to cleaner technologies and practices to reduce pollution.
- Work with the local government to find alternative sources of employment for the workers who may lose their jobs if the polluting units are shut down.
- Collaborate with the local NGOs and community organizations to raise awareness about the health impacts of pollution and advocate for a cleaner environment.
- Option 1 is the most effective way to ensure compliance with environmental laws, but it may lead to hostility and resistance from the owners of the industrial units and the workers.
- Option 2 and 3 may be more acceptable to the owners of the industrial units, but it may not be sufficient to bring about significant change.
- Option 4 may help mitigate the impact on the workers, but it may not address the root cause of pollution.
- Option 5 may help build public support for environmental compliance, but it may not be sufficient to bring about immediate change.
- Mechanism that includes regular monitoring and reporting of industrial emissions. Example, surprise checks.
- Imposition of penalties for non-compliance
- Support for the adoption of cleaner technologies and practices should be put in place. Example, tax incentives
- Engagement with the owners of the industrial units and the workers to promote a better understanding of the environmental impacts of their activities.
- Foster collaboration between the Environment Pollution Control Board, industry associations, NGOs, and other stakeholders to collectively work towards environmental protection
- Balancing environmental protection with economic considerations and the potential impact on livelihoods.
- Dealing with resistance, hostility, and threats from industrial units and vested interest groups.
- Ensuring fairness and equal treatment to all stakeholders while upholding environmental regulations.
- Striving for long-term environmental sustainability while addressing immediate concerns and pressures
2021
SECTION A
5 ethical traits to assess a civil servant's performance
- Integrity: Integrity ensures that a civil servant acts honestly, truthfully, and consistently in their interactions with the public.
E.g.: T. N. Seshan, former Chief Election Commissioner of India, he introduced several reforms to ensure free and fair elections - Impartiality: Impartiality guarantees that a civil servant treats all individuals fairly and without bias, regardless of their personal characteristics or connections.
E.g.: R. Chidambaram served as principal scientific adviser from 2002-18 serving different Prime Ministers and governments equally. - Accountability - the willingness to take responsibility for one's actions and decisions, and to be held accountable by others for their impact.
E.g.: In 2018, IAS officer Rohini SindhuriDasari took a tough stand against illegal mining in Karnataka, despite facing political pressure to turn a blind eye. - Compassion: the ability to serve the weaker sections with empathy and commitment.
E.g.: R. Subrahmanyam, former Chief Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, is known for his work in promoting diversity and inclusion - Objectivity - the ability to make decisions and take actions based on facts and evidence, rather than personal biases or emotions.
E.g.: Raghuram Rajan, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, is known for his data-driven approach to policy making.
Essential values that are needed to be an effective public servant
- Integrity: Upholding honesty, ethical conduct, and moral principles in all actions and decisions.
- Accountability: Taking responsibility for one's actions and being answerable for the outcomes.
- Transparency: Operating in an open and accessible manner, sharing information, and justifying decisions.
- Objectivity: Making decisions based on evidence, facts, and impartial analysis, avoiding personal biases.
- Fairness: Treating all individuals equally and without discrimination, ensuring justice and equity.
- Respect: Valuing and considering the perspectives, rights, and dignity of all stakeholders.
- Commitment to the public good: Prioritizing the welfare and interests of the public above personal gain.
- Professionalism: Demonstrating competence, expertise, and adherence to high standards of performance.
- Collaboration: Working cooperatively with colleagues, stakeholders, and the public to achieve common goals.
- Adaptability: Being open to change, innovation, and learning to effectively respond to evolving challenges.
- Comprehensive training programs- emphasize ethical standards, dilemmas, values, and codes of conduct.
- System of accountability and internal controls- clear guidelines on reporting unethical behaviour, ensuring whistle-blower protection, and implementing disciplinary measures for violations.
- Strong ethical leadership-modelled by senior officials and a culture of integrity should be promoted throughout the organization.
- Transparent and independent oversight mechanisms, such as an ombudsman or an ethics commission.
Digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making
- Government digital advisories on covid-19.
- People able to address their concerns to government via mygov application.
- Predicting weather forcasting and disaster management
- Data Quality and Reliability: Data may be incomplete, inaccurate, biased, or outdated, leading to flawed policy recommendations and decisions.
- Digital Divide: Despite the widespread adoption of digital technology, there are still significant disparities in access to and proficiency in using digital tools and platforms.
- Digital inputs can be influenced by fake news, misinformation, and manipulation.
- Ethical Considerations: Digital technology raises ethical dilemmas in policy decision making. Issues like privacy, consent, bias
Effective decision making requires a balanced approach that combines the advantages of digital technology with critical thinking and human judgment to ensure the accuracy and validity of the inputs.
Importance of domain knowledge
- Helps understand nuances and dynamics of particular field.
E.g.: E. Sreedharan, metro man of India, is a civil engineer by education. - Government functions have evolved becoming more specialized and sophisticated.
- Helps in improving quality of decisions and service delivery.
E.g.: Dr. Rajendra Bharud, the collector of Nandurbar, was better able to manage second wave of COVID-19
- Helps to break free from conventional frameworks and develop new strategies that reconcile conflicting interests, find common ground, and navigate complex ethical dilemmas effectively.
- It enhances their ability to find innovative solutions that align with ethical principles and achieve positive outcomes for society as a whole
E.g.: IAS Shashanka Ala, as deputy commissioner of Lawngtlai, Mizoram saw that the district was largely cut off which affected nutritional requirements of children. She initiated âKan Sikul, Kan Huanâ or âMy School, My farmâ where nutrition gardens were set up in anganwadis and schools.
(a) “Every work has got to pass through hundreds of difficulties before succeeding. Those that persevere will see the light, sooner or laterâ â Swami Vivekananda (150 words)
Every work has got to pass through difficulties before succeeding. Those who persevere will win
- Obstacles and hardships are an integral part of the journey towards success. It acknowledges that setbacks and hurdles are common, and one must be prepared to encounter and overcome them.
E.g.: M S Dhoni in becoming well known cricketer - Significance of persistence and those individuals who maintain their determination and continue to work towards their goals, despite setbacks, will eventually achieve success.
E.g.: Indiaâs space program, which began in the 1960s, faced numerous challenges and setbacks, including limited funding, technology gaps, and international sanctions. However, Indian scientists and engineers persevered and continued to work towards their goal and achieved global recognition. - Difficulties grind the person to his better forms
E.g.: Edison in discovering Bulb
Obtain peace in the outer world when we obtain peace within ourselves
- Attempting to create peace solely through external means, such as political or social actions, will be futile if inner peace is lacking.
E.g.: even with stringent laws, people will engage in violence if hatred persists in them - By cultivating inner calm, compassion, and a sense of contentment, we become agents of peace who can positively influence the external world.
E.g.: practice of yoga is believed to help individuals attain inner peace. Mahatma Gandhi believed that true peace could only be achieved by cultivating love and compassion within oneself, and by practicing non-violence in all aspects of life.
Interdependence and betterment of all
- Our lives lack meaning and purpose when we fail to acknowledge the interconnections and interrelationships that bind us together.
E.g.: island nations facing threats of submergence needs support of other nations. - Recognizing our reliance on one another and nurturing positive and supportive relationships, we create a better world for everyone involved. Cooperation, empathy, and collaboration become catalysts for growth, well-being, and progress.
E.g.: joint family system and celebrations of festivals in India bring inter-dependence.
Attitude in the development of human beings
- Growth Mindset: Having a growth mindset is an attitude that believes in the ability to learn, grow, and improve through effort and perseverance.
E.g.: M S Dhoni as Indian captain - Optimism: Optimism refers to a positive outlook and the belief that favorable outcomes are possible. Individuals with an optimistic attitude tend to approach life's challenges with hope, resilience, and a belief in their ability to overcome obstacles.
E.g.: Sreedharan in reconstruction of Pamban bridge - Open-Mindedness: Open-mindedness is an attitude characterized by a willingness to consider different perspectives, ideas, and experiences. Individuals with an open-minded attitude are receptive to new information, diverse viewpoints, and alternative ways of thinking.
- Training and Development Programs: Help them develop the necessary skills and attitudes required for their job. Example, training programs on ethics and integrity, conflict resolution
- Role Modelling: Leaders and senior public servants can serve as role models for their subordinates - inspire their team members to emulate them.
- Reward and Recognition: Help reinforce positive attitudes and behaviours. Example, awards for innovative solutions.
- Accountability: They should take ownership of their work and be transparent about their decisions.
- Continuous Learning: Public servants should be committed to continuous learning and development. They should keep themselves updated with the latest trends and best practices in their field of work.
Emotional intelligence (EI) involves the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own and otherâs emotions.
EI in helping to solve Crisis of conscience
- EI helps in better understanding of the situation and long-term consequences of oneâs action
- Emotional intelligence gives internal strength to individuals that can enable them to act with integrity and withstand adverse situations. Example: Crisis of conscience is case of coerced corruption
- Emotionally intelligent persons can persuade others and resolve conflicts. Example: crisis of conflict for a DM arising due to diverging demands by different communities.
- EI helps in controlling selfish desires arising in cases like public vs. personal interest.
Ethical principles violating by refusing to provide protection
- Human Rights: It violates the right to life, liberty, and security of person, as well as the right to seek asylum from persecution.
- Non-Discrimination: Denying them equal treatment and protection based on their nationality or circumstances.
- Humanitarianism: Ethically, a democratic and open society should prioritize the well-being and safety of vulnerable individuals through principles of compassion,
- Principle of non-refoulement: Denying protection subjects them to further harm or placing them in situations where their basic human rights are violated.
Reasons why impartiality and non-partisanship are crucial in making a successful civil servant
- Upholding the Rule of Law: Impartiality ensures that they treat all individuals equally and without discrimination, regardless of their political affiliations or beliefs.
- Public Trust and Confidence: When civil servants are perceived as unbiased and neutral, it enhances the legitimacy of their actions and decisions.
- Effective Policy Implementation: Impartiality allows civil servants to implement policies and programs objectively, based on their merits rather than personal or political considerations.
E.g.: In government procurement process, an impartial civil servant evaluates bids solely based on objective criteria, without any external influences. This ensures transparency and fairness.
E.g.: During elections, civil servants involved in the electoral process maintain non-partisanship to ensure a level playing field for candidates. Their non-partisanship guarantees integrity and credibility of elections.
Importance of independent and empowered social audit mechanism
- Performance Evaluation: An objective assessment helps evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of services provided, ensuring continuous improvement and responsiveness to societal needs.
- Accountability: Social audits hold public institutions accountable by involving citizens and civil society organizations. It fosters public trust in the judiciary and strengthens the rule of law.
- Ethical Conduct: It helps identify and address any lapses in ethical conduct, ensuring that judges and judicial officers uphold the highest standards of integrity, fairness, and impartiality.
- Public Participation: Social audits enable citizens to voice their concerns, provide feedback, and contribute to the evaluation of public services.
Integrity empowering the human being
- High standards of professional integrity ensures credibility
E.g.: Lal Bahadur Shastri,resigned as a railway minister, taking responsibility for a train accident. His integrity was instrumental in his becoming the 2nd PM of India. - Integrity in public life helps to establish transparency and efficiency.Â
 E.g.: T.N Seshan, 10th Chief Election Commissionerof India, was chastised by crony media and corrupt politicians for his reforms in electoral practices. - Integrity make better leaders Mahatma Gandhi revoked the Non-Cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident.
- Integrity in sports ensure credibility Sachin Tendulkar, decided to walk off the ground,after the appeal by the bowler, even though he was declared as not-out by the empire. Although, he could not make his hundred, his integrity established him as an honourable sportsman, respected worldwide.
SECTION B
7. Sunil is a young civil servant and has a reputation for his competence, integrity, dedication and relentlessness in pursuit of difficult and onerous jobs. Considering his profile, he was picked up by his bosses to handle a very challenging and sensitive assignment. He was posted in a tribal-dominated district notorious for illegal sand mining. Excavating sand from river belts and transporting it through trucks and selling them in the black market was rampant. This illegal sand mining mafia was operating with the support of local functionaries and tribal musclemen who in turn were bribing selected poor tribals and had kept the tribals under fear and intimidation.
Sunil being a sharp and energetic officer immediately grasped the ground realities and the modus operandi followed by the mafia through their devious and dubious mechanism. On making inquiries, he gathered that some of their own office employees are in hand and glove with them and have developed close unholy nexus. Sunil initiated stringent action against them and started conducting raids on their illegal operations of the movement of trucks filled with sand. The mafia got rattled as not many officers in the past had taken such strong steps against the mafia. Some of the office employees who were allegedly close to the mafia informed them that the officer is determined to clean up the mafiaâs illegal sand mining operations in that district and may cause them irreparable damage.
The mafia turned hostile and launched a counter-offensive. The tribal musclemen and mafia started threatening him with dire consequences. His family (wife and old mother) were stalked and were under virtual surveillance and thus causing mental torture, agony and stress to all of them. The matter assumed serious proportions when a muscleman came to his office and threatened him to stop raids etc., otherwise, his fate will not be different than some of his predecessors (ten years back one officer was killed by the mafia)
a) Identify the different options available to Sunil in attending this situation
b) Critically evaluate each of the options listed by you.
c) Which of the above, do you think, would be most appropriate for Sunil to adopt and why? (250 words)
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Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Different options available to Sunil in attending this situation
- Continuing the raids and investigations: Sunil can choose to persist with his raids, investigations, and efforts to dismantle the illegal sand mining mafia despite the threats and intimidation.
- Seeking support from higher authorities: Sunil can approach his superiors or higher authorities seek protection and support in dealing with the threats and intimidation.
- Gathering evidence and building cases: collecting substantial evidence against the mafia, their supporters, and the employees involved in the nexus.
- Relocating or requesting a transfer: This option prioritizes personal safety and well-being
- Continuing the raids and investigations: This option demonstrates Sunil's commitment to his duties and the rule of law. However, it also exposes him and his family to significant risks, including physical harm.
- Seeking support from higher authorities: This can provide additional resources, protection, and guidance. However, the effectiveness of this option depends on the responsiveness and willingness of the higher authorities to address the situation.
- Gathering evidence and building cases: This can strengthen the legal actions against the mafia and their collaborators. However, this option requires time and resources, and it may expose Sunil to further risks.
- Relocating or requesting a transfer: Ensures safety but cause potential disruption to his career and the loss of an opportunity to combat corruption in the current district.
This combined approach allows Sunil to maintain his determination to fight against the mafia while ensuring the safety and protection of himself and his family. It maximizes the chances of success in dismantling the illegal sand mining operations and holding those involved accountable, while minimizing the risks faced by Sunil and his loved ones.
8. You are Vice Principal of a degree college in one of the middle-class towns. The principal has recently retired and management is looking for his replacement. There are also feelers that the management may promote you as Principal. In the meantime, during the annual examination, the flying squad which came from the university caught two students red-handed involving in unfair means. A senior lecturer of the college was personally helping these students in this act. This senior lecturer also happens to be close to the management. One of the students was the son of a local politician who was responsible for getting college affiliated to the present reputed university. The second student was the son of a local businessman who has donated maximum funds for running the college. You immediately informed the management regarding this unfortunate incident. The management told you to resolve the issue with the flying squad at any cost. They further said that such an incident will not only tarnish the image of the college but also the politician and the businessman are very important personalities for the functioning of the college. You were also given hint that your further promotion to Principal depends on your capability in resolving this issue with the flying squad. In the meantime, you were intimidated by your administrative officer that certain members of the student union are protesting outside the college gate against the senior lecturer and the students involved in this incident are demanding strict action against defaulters.
a) Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case.
b) Critically examine the options available with you as Vice Principal. What option will you adopt and why? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Ethical issues involved
- Academic Integrity: The involvement of students in unfair means and the senior lecturer aiding them.
- Nepotism and favouritism: The fact that one student is the son of a local politician and the other is the son of a prominent businessman suggests the possibility of favouritism.
- Misuse of Power: The management's pressure to resolve the issue at any cost, considering the reputation of influential individuals
- Conflict of Interest: The close relationship between the senior lecturer and the management, as well as the potential impact on the promotion prospects of the Vice Principal.
Resolving the issue with the flying squad by concealing or downplaying the misconduct:
Positives:
- Protects the reputation of the college in short term
- Secure the Vice Principal's promotion
- Maintains a harmonious relationship with influential individuals involved.
- Compromises academic integrity and ethical standards
- Damages the trust of students, faculty, and the community.
- Sets a harmful precedent for future incidents of academic misconduct.
- Could lead to long-term consequences if the truth is eventually exposed
- Upholds academic integrity and ethical principles.
- Demonstrates fairness and justice to all students.
- Preserves the reputation of the college in the long term.
- Fosters a culture of honesty and integrity.
- Builds trust and credibility among students, faculty, and the community.
- Risks potential promotion.
- Could result in backlash from influential individuals.
- Requires a thorough investigation, which may consume time and resources.
- Better than compromising integrity
- Not being part of the nexus
- Save from any backlashes from influential individuals.
- Sets a bad precedent.
- Lose out on an opportunity to stop academic misconduct.
- Lose out on studentâs support.
It is important to prioritize ethical considerations over personal interests or pressures from influential individuals. While this decision may have short-term consequences, it upholds the fundamental values of education, fairness, and ethical conduct. It sets a precedent for maintaining the integrity of the institution and ensures that all students are treated equally and have a fair opportunity to succeed based on merit.
9. An elevated corridor is being constructed to reduce traffic congestion in the capital of a particular state. You have been selected as project manager of this prestigious project on your professional competence and experience. The deadline is to complete the project in the next two years by 30 June 2021, since the project is to be inaugurated by the Chief Minister before the elections are announced in the second week of July 2021. While carrying out the surprise inspection by the inspecting team, a minor crack was noticed in one of the piers of the elevated corridor possibly due to poor material used. You immediately informed the chief engineer and stopped further work. It was assessed by you that a minimum of three piers of the elevated corridor have to be demolished and reconstructed. But this process will delay the project minimum by four to six months. But the chief engineer overruled the observation of the inspecting team on the ground that it was a minor crack that will not in any way impact the strength and durability of the bridge. He ordered you to overlook the observation of the inspecting team and continue working with the same speed and tempo. He informed you that the minister does not want any delay as he wants the Chief Minister to inaugurate the elevated corridor before the elections are declared. Also informed you that the contractor is a far relative of the minister and he wants him to finish the project. He also gave you a hint that your further promotion as an additional chief engineer is under consideration by the ministry. However, you strongly felt that the minor crack in the pier in the elevated corridor will adversely affect the health and life of the bridge and therefore it will be very dangerous not to repair the elevated corridor.
a) Under the given conditions, what are the options available to you as a project manager?
b) What are the ethical dilemmas being faced by the project manager and his response to overcome such challenges?
c) What are the professional challenges likely to be faced by the project manager and his response to overcome such challenges?
d) What can be the consequences of overlooking the observation raised by the inspecting team?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Options available to you as a project manager
- Follow the chief engineer's orders: This option may allow the project to proceed as scheduled but raises ethical concerns.
- Insist on repairing the pier: This option prioritizes ethical considerations over meeting political deadlines and ensures the long-term integrity of the infrastructure.
- Report the issue to higher authorities: Escalate the matter to higher authorities or regulatory bodies responsible for overseeing construction projects.
- Balancing the project manager's professional responsibility for quality and safety against political pressures and personal career prospects.
- Maintaining transparency and integrity in decision-making, despite the influence of the minister and contractor who have personal interests in the project.
- Upholding the public interest and the well-being of future users of the elevated corridor, even if it means challenging the authority of superiors.
- Ensuring accountability and avoiding potential legal and moral consequences associated with compromising on safety standards.
- Balancing the short-term objective of completing the project before the elections with the long-term consequences of overlooking a potential risk.
(c) The professional challenges likely to be faced by the project manager and their responses
- Communicating the importance of safety and durability to the chief engineer and higher authorities, emphasizing the potential risks associated with not addressing the crack.
- Building a strong case by gathering technical evidence, conducting further inspections, and consulting with experts to support the need for reconstruction.
- Negotiating with the minister and contractor by presenting alternatives that prioritize safety without significantly compromising the project timeline.
- Seeking support from professional networks, industry associations, or regulatory bodies to advocate for adherence to quality standards.
- Documenting all discussions, decisions, and actions taken to maintain a record of the project manager's commitment to professional integrity and due diligence.
- The minor crack in the pier may be an indicator of underlying structural issues that could compromise the strength, durability, and safety of the elevated corridor.
- Ignoring the observation may lead to catastrophic failures, putting the lives of commuters at risk and leading to significant financial and reputational damages.
- Overlooking the issue may violate professional ethics and legal obligations related to construction standards and regulations.
- The project manager could face legal liabilities, loss of professional credibility, and potential criminal charges if an incident were to occur.
- Furthermore, the reputation of the organization and the trust of the public could be severely damaged, affecting future projects and relationships with stakeholders.
10. The corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has quickly spread to various countries.
As of May 8th, 2020, in India 56342 positive cases of corona had been reported. India with a population of more than 1.35 billion had difficulty in controlling the transmission of corona virus among its population. Multiple strategies became necessary to handle this outbreak. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of India raised awareness about this outbreak and to take all necessary actions to control the spread of COVID -19. Indian Government implemented a 55-day lockdown throughout the country to reduce the transmission of the virus. Schools and colleges had shifted to alternative modes of teaching-learning-evaluation and certification. Online mode became popular during these days.
India was not prepared for a sudden onslaught of such a crisis due to limited infrastructure in terms of human resources, money and other facilities needed for taking care of this situation. This disease did not spare anybody irrespective of caste, creed, religion on one hand and âhave and have notâ on the other. Deficiencies in hospital beds, oxygen cylinders, ambulances, hospital staff and crematorium were the most crucial aspects.
You are a hospital administrator in a public hospital at the time when corona virus had attacked a large number of people and patients were pouring into the hospital day in and day out.
a) What are your criteria and justification for putting your clinical and non-clinical staff to attend to the patients knowing fully well that it is a highly infectious disease and resources and infrastructure are limited?
b) If yours is a private hospital, whether your jurisdiction and decision would remain the same as that of a public hospital?
(250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) As a hospital administrator in a public hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, the criteria and justification for assigning clinical and non-clinical staff to attend to the patients are as follows:
- Expertise and Training: Assigning staff with relevant expertise and training in infectious diseases, critical care, and emergency medicine ensures that patients receive appropriate and specialized care. This helps maximize the utilization of available resources.
- Risk Assessment and Protection: Assigning staff with access to necessary protective gear like PPE kits minimizes the risk of infection transmission and safeguards their health.
- Staff Availability and Rotation: Rotating staff members between high-risk and low-risk areas can help manage fatigue, stress, and burnout, ensuring a sustainable workforce.
- Coordination and Collaboration: Non-clinical staff can provide essential support functions, such as administrative tasks, logistics, and maintenance, which alleviate the burden on clinical staff and allow them to focus on patient care.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Regularly assess the performance and well-being of staff members involved in patient care. Provide support mechanisms, such as counselling and mental health services, to address their physical and emotional needs.
- Financial Constraints: Private hospitals may face financial pressures, as they rely on revenue generation to sustain their operations. This may influence resource allocation decisions.
- Decision-making Autonomy: Private hospitals have more autonomy in decision-making processes. However, ethical considerations, and medical guidelines should remain at the forefront of decision-making.
- Resource Mobilization: Private hospitals may have the flexibility to mobilize additional resources through partnerships, collaborations, or fundraising efforts. This can aid in augmenting infrastructure, equipment, and staff capacity to better respond to the crisis.
Prioritizing the well-being of patients and staff members, while making prudent use of available resources, remains crucial in mitigating the impact of the pandemic.
11. A reputed food product company based in India developed a food product for the international market and started exporting the same after getting necessary approvals. The company announced this achievement and also indicated that soon the product will be made available for domestic consumers with almost the same quality and health benefits. Accordingly, the company got its product approved by the domestic competent authority and launched the product in the Indian market. The company could increase its market share over a period of time and earned substantial profit both domestically and internationally. However, the random sample test conducted by the inspecting team found the product being sold domestically in variance with the approval obtained from the competent authority. On further investigation, it was also discovered that the food company was not only selling products that were not meeting the health standard of the country but also selling the rejected export products in the domestic market. This episode adversely affected the reputation and profitability of the food company.
a) What action do you visualize should be taken by the competent authority against the food company for violating the laid down domestic food standard and selling rejected export products in the domestic market?
b) What course of action is available with the food company to resolve the crisis and bring back its lost reputation?
c) Examine the ethical dilemma involved in the case. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) The competent authority can take the following appropriate actions:
- Imposing penalties: The amount of the penalty should be commensurate with the severity of the violations.
- Revoking approvals: This would prohibit the company from continuing to sell the non-compliant product.
- Legal prosecution: This may involve filing a case in a court of law and seeking appropriate legal remedies.
- Public disclosure and awareness: The competent authority should inform the public about the violations committed by the food company, ensuring transparency and protecting consumer rights.
- Recall and rectify: This may involve improving the manufacturing process, ensuring quality control, and retesting the products to ensure compliance with domestic standards.
- Apologize and compensate: Additionally, the company can provide compensation or refunds to affected consumers as a gesture of goodwill.
- Strengthen quality control measures: This may involve enhancing testing procedures, implementing robust internal checks, and conducting regular audits to prevent future violations.
- Rebuild transparency and trust: This can be achieved through regular updates on corrective actions taken, sharing information about the improved manufacturing processes, and engaging with consumers to address their concerns.
To resolve the ethical dilemma, the food company should take responsibility for its actions, rectify the violations, and work towards rebuilding trust with consumers and regulatory authorities. Implementing stricter quality control measures and ensuring transparency in its operations are crucial steps to regain its lost reputation and uphold ethical standards.
12. Pawan is working as an officer in the State Government for the last ten years. As a part of the routine transfer, he was posted to another department. He joined a new office along with five other colleagues. The head of the office was a senior officer conversant with the functioning of the office. As a part of general inquiry, Pawan gathered that his senior officer carries the reputation of being a difficult and insensitive person having his own disturbed family life. Initially, all seem to go well. However, after some time Pawan felt that the senior officer was belittling him and at times unreasonable. Whatever suggestions given or views expressed by Pawan in the meetings were summarily rejected and the senior officer would express displeasure in the presence of others. It became a pattern of the bossâs style of functioning to show him in bad light highlighting his shortcomings and humiliating him publicly. It became apparent that though there are no serious work-related problems/shortcomings, the senior officer was always on one pretext or the other and would scold and shout at him. The continuous harassment and public criticism of Pawan resulted in the loss of confidence, self-esteem and equanimity. Pawan realized that his relations with his senior officer are becoming more toxic and due to this, he perpetually tensed, anxious and stressed. His mind was occupied with negativity and caused him mental torture, anguish and agony. Eventually, it badly affected his personal and family life. He was no longer joyous, happy and contented even at home. Rather without any reason, he would lose his temper with his wife and other family members. The family environment was no longer pleasant and congenial. His wife who was always supportive of him also became a victim of his negativity and hostile behaviour. Due to harassment and humiliation suffering by him in the office, comfort and happiness virtually vanished from his life. Thus, it damaged his physical and mental health.
a) What are the options available with Pawan to cope up with the situation?
b) What approach Pawan should adopt for bringing, peace, tranquillity and a congenial environment in the office and home?
c) As an outsider, what are your suggestions for both boss and subordinate to overcome this situation and for improving the work performance, mental and emotional hygiene?
d) In the above scenario, what type of training would you suggest for officers at various levels in the government offices? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Options available for Pawan to cope with the situation
- Communicate: Pawan can initiate a conversation expressing his concerns with his senior officer, assert his desire for a respectful and professional working relationship, and seek clarity on the expectations and areas of improvement.
- Seek support: Pawan can reach out to his colleagues or other senior officials in the department for guidance and support. This can help him gain perspective on the situation.
- Document incidents: Pawan should maintain a record of incidents where he has been subjected to harassment or humiliation to serve as evidence in case he needs to escalate the issue to higher authorities or file a complaint.
- Report the issue: Pawan may consider reporting the issue to the appropriate authority within the organization.
- Seek counselling or therapy: Pawan can seek professional help to manage the stress and emotional impact of the situation.
- Emotional resilience: Pawan should focus on building emotional resilience to cope with the stress and negativity at work. Engaging in activities that promote well-being, such as exercise, meditation, or counselling, can help him regain a sense of balance and inner peace.
- Professionalism and self-confidence: Pawan should continue to perform his duties diligently and maintain professionalism in his interactions with colleagues and superiors.
- Positive communication: Pawan should strive to maintain open and positive communication with his colleagues and superiors, fostering a cooperative and respectful work environment.
- Boss: Training or counselling on effective leadership, communication, and emotional intelligence. - develop better management skills, empathy, and the ability to handle conflicts.
- Subordinate: Counselling or mentoring sessions can help Pawwan develop strategies for managing difficult relationships and improving his emotional well-being.
- Training programs: Both bosses and subordinates can benefit from training programs on interpersonal skills, conflict resolution, emotional intelligence, and stress management.
- Policy implementation: Organizations should ensure that policies on workplace harassment, dignity at work, and grievance redressal mechanisms are in place and effectively enforced.
- Leadership and Emotional Intelligence: inculcate skills, including effective communication, conflict resolution, and emotional intelligence essential for maintaining healthy work environment.
- Diversity and Inclusion: Officers should be educated on the value of creating inclusive workspaces that respect and embrace differences, fostering a sense of belonging and equal opportunity.
- Stress Management and Resilience: techniques to build resilience, and maintaining mental well-being can equip officers with the tools to d cope with work-related stress.
- Ethical Conduct and Professionalism: Officers should be educated on the importance of upholding ethical standards, treating colleagues with respect, and promoting a positive work culture.
2020
SECTION A
Role of Ethics & Values in Enhancing Human Capital:
- Ethics and values contribute to the development of a skilled and knowledgeable workforce, which is a critical component of human capital.
- They help in building a culture of professionalism, integrity, and accountability, which enhances the productivity and efficiency of the workforce.
E.g.: For instance, a government implementing strict regulations to prevent corruption in public institutions ensures a skilled and trustworthy workforce.
- Social Cohesion: Ethical values like tolerance and compassion are essential for fostering social harmony and promoting social bonds.
- Inclusivity and diversity: Embracing ethical values of inclusivity and respect for diversity strengthens social harmony.
E.g.: Canada's multicultural policies and initiatives that promote inclusivity have contributed to social harmony and national cohesion.
- Culture and Policies: Ethical policies that prioritize the welfare of the people, protect the environment, and promote sustainable development can enhance a country's soft power and global influence.
E.g.: Indiaâs vasudaiva kudumbakam, athithi devo bhava are an essential aspect of its soft power, and they shape its national identity and reputation.
Role of New Education policy in Individual and Social Transformation:
- Inclusiveness â NEP provides opportunities for every individual to educate themselves by integrating local languages and vocational skills.
- Multi-disciplinary â opportunity to choose subject of choice â essential for all-round development of students. Increases attitude of purposeful education and employability.
- Self-regulatory â individual educational institutions can self-regulate their internal affairs â promotes innovations
- New pedagogy â instead of injunctions of rote learning, a value based, practical education is envisaged.
- Critical thinking â promotes active learning among students with respect for diversity and responsible citizenship
- Continuous education â liberates students from burden of a single exam which determines their future. Helps students to strive throughout the year and enjoy the learning
Hatred among persons hampers the growth and progress of the nation in the following ways:
- Destruction of Social harmony: Due to the communal intimidation and hatred being spread, the very fabric of a society is being diminished in the larger sense, rendering weak and divided social strength.
E.g.: Fabric of Indian society, which when tainted with communal intolerance get divided and internally threatened. - Economy: Disturbances caused due to communal intolerance largely impact the local economy due to the disruptive activities like strikes, riots, destruction of public property etc.
E.g.: Many global indices consider social parameters and societal tolerance to rank countries which in turn are considered for economic reports. - Impaired social cohesion: When a nation is poisoned by hatred, the spirit of unity and cooperation suffers and hampers the ability to work together towards development.
- Undermining national values: Hatred contradicts the principles of harmony, respect, and inclusivity that are often fundamental to a nation's spirit.
E.g.: In Sri Lanka, communal clashes and violence often divide the nation and the common masses bringing in a total instability. - Disunity and Polarization: Hatred can also lead to harmful actions, such as discrimination, violence, and destruction, which can have a negative impact on individuals and society.
E.g.: Hitler created hatred towards Jews.
The main components of emotional intelligence (EI) are:
- Self-awareness: the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions.
- Self-regulation: the ability to manage and control your emotions in different situations.
- Motivation: the ability to motivate yourself and persist in the face of setbacks.
- Empathy: the ability to understand and recognize other people's emotions.
- Social skills: the ability to communicate effectively and build relationships with others.
- Practice self-reflection and self-awareness exercises like journaling
- Seek feedback from others and be open to constructive criticism. Practice active listening.
- Learn and practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation, to help regulate emotions.
- Explore and engage in activities that promote empathy, such as volunteering or working with diverse groups of people
- Observe and learn from others who demonstrate strong emotional intelligence.
The teachings of Buddha that are most relevant today
- The Four Noble Truths: Acknowledging suffering, understanding its causes, and following the Eightfold Path to overcome it.
E.g.: The fourth noble path is the way to end dukkha. - The Middle Way: Avoiding extremes and finding balance in all aspects of life. It checks against the rampant consumerism and pollution.
- Compassion and kindness: Treating others with empathy, love, and respect.
E.g.: Helps to find solution to global conflicts like Russia-Ukraine war, refugee crisis etc. - Mindfulness: being fully present in the moment and aware of oneâs thoughts and feelings.
E.g.: Helps to check against spreading rumours and fake news
He asks us to value time as everything is fleeting and nothing is permanent. This is an important lesson in todayâs rat race we are in. By applying these teachings in daily life, individuals can cultivate inner peace and happiness while contributing to the well-being of others and society.
3. (b) âThe will to power exists, but it can be tamed and be guided by rationality and principles of moral duty.â Examine this statement in the context of international relations. (150 words)
Role of rationality in taming the will to power:
- Diplomatic negotiations: Rationality plays a crucial role in diplomatic negotiations, where parties seek to resolve disputes through dialogue and compromise.
E.g.: Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) was reached through rational negotiations to address concerns about Iran's nuclear program. - Strategic alliances: Nations form strategic alliances based on rational calculations of shared interests, aiming to collectively balance power and promote stability.
E.g.: NATO is an example of a strategic alliance that seeks to deter aggression and maintain security through collective defence.
- Human rights advocacy: Nations can exercise their power by advocating for human rights and promoting international standards of justice.
E.g.: For instance, the United Nations Human Rights Council works to address human rights violations and hold nations accountable for their actions. - Humanitarian interventions: When guided by moral duty, nations may use their power to intervene in crises and protect vulnerable populations.
E.g.: Indiaâs support during Nepal Earthquake - Climate change agreements: This demonstrates the recognition that rational and moral duty-based actions are required to address global challenges.
E.g.: Agreements like the Paris Agreement, where nations commit to combating climate change collectively.
4. (a) Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (150 words)
Difference between law and rules:
Laws
- Legally binding: Laws are formal rules that are enforced by the government or legal authorities. They are established through legislative processes and carry legal consequences if violated.
- Formal authority: Laws are created and enforced by institutions with legal authority, such as legislatures, courts, and executive bodies.
- Universal application: Laws apply to all individuals within a specific jurisdiction and are intended to maintain order, protect rights, and regulate societal behaviour.
- Guidelines and norms: Rules are informal or formal guidelines that govern specific contexts or environments. They may be set by institutions, organizations, communities, or individuals.
- Enforced by social pressure: Rules are often enforced through social norms, peer pressure, or self-regulation within a specific group or community. Violations may result in informal consequences rather than legal penalties.
- Context-dependent: Rules can vary across different contexts, organizations, or social groups, and may be more flexible and subject to negotiation or modification.
- Human rights legislation: These laws aim to ensure that individuals are protected from discrimination, torture, and other human rights violations.
E.g.: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are formulated based on ethical principles of equality, dignity, and respect for individual freedoms. - Environmental protection laws: Legislation addressing environmental issues, such as laws regulating pollution, wildlife protection, and sustainable resource management, grounded in ethical considerations of sustainability and the intrinsic value of the environment.
- Anti-corruption laws: They aim to promote transparency, accountability, and trust in public and private institutions.
E.g.: Right to Information Act, 2005 based on ethics of granting citizens the right to access information, fostering transparency, accountability, and participatory governance.
- Professional codes of conduct: Many professions have codes of conduct that outline ethical guidelines for practitioners.
E.g.: Medical associations have established ethical rules for ensuring patient confidentiality, informed consent, and ethical decision-making. - Organizational policies and guidelines: Rules align with ethical values of integrity, transparency, helps to prevent conflicts of interest, promote fair competition, responsible use of resources etc
- Sports regulations: Sports associations and organizations establish rules and regulations that uphold fair play, sportsmanship, and integrity.
Factors contribute to a positive attitude in a person, including:
- Self-awareness: having a clear understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. They focus on their strengths and work on improving their weaknesses.
- Optimism: Positive people can look for the good in every situation and believe that things will turn out well in the end.
E.g.: Gandhi fought for independence with lot of struggle for decades with optimistic values. - Resilience: A positive attitude is often linked to resilience, which is the ability to bounce back from setbacks and difficulties - better equipped to deal with challenges like political pressure.
E.g.: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, was known for his positive attitude and resilience in the face of adversity - Emotional intelligence: They are better equipped to manage their emotions, build strong relationships, and handle stress.
- Ethical values: Person committed to honesty, integrity, and fairness are likely to have a positive attitude towards their work, colleagues, and the public they serve.
E.g.: Walt Disney was criticized for not being creative, he continued his work diligently, and later he became genius in cartoon designing.
Factors responsible for gender inequality in India:
- Preference for Sons: From time immemorial, a girl child has been considered as an unwanted entity and a burden whom the parents would not mind doing away with.
E.g.: This result in female feticide and infanticide. - Role of Cultural Institutions: Cultural institutions in India, of play a central role in perpetuating gender inequality. E.g.: Patrilineality (inheritance through male descendants) ,Patrilocality (married couples living with or near the husbandâs parents),
- Assumed Role of Women: It is believed in the Indian Society the primary responsibility of taking care of the family and bringing up the child is still on the women.
E.g.: Many women due to family pressures have to retreat from the workforce. - Pink-Collarisation of Jobs: The women are mostly deemed fit for âpink-collar jobs'' only, and have been denied opportunities in other fields.
E.g.: Jobs like teachers, nurses, receptionists, babysitter, lecturers, etc. are stereotyped for women. - Discrimination at Work: Companies are interested in hiring more young women because it has been generally seen that the work and the family environment, marriage, and maternity generally forces a married woman to resign.
E.g.: Women receive a lower amount of wage compared to men for the same work.
- Education and Empowerment: She advocated for women's empowerment through education, aiming to break the cycle of gender discrimination and provide women with knowledge and skills for self-reliance.
E.g.: Savitribai Phule established the first school for girls in India in 1848. - Women's Rights and Social Reform: Savitribai Phule actively fought against regressive social practices such as child marriage, sati (widow burning), and the caste system.
- Social Welfare and Healthcare: Savitribai Phule worked towards improving healthcare and sanitation conditions for women, particularly during outbreaks of epidemics.
E.g.: She established care centres for pregnant women and infants, emphasizing the importance of maternal and child health.
The impact of Internet on traditional cultural values:
- Anonymity and Accountability: The internet has also given rise to a culture of anonymity and reduced accountability, which can result in a lack of civility and ethical behaviour.
E.g.: Incidence like cyber bullying, harassment, and trolling, which can lead to a breakdown in social harmony. - Social media influence: Internet entertainment videos and chats impair audience taste. Literature, culture and arts cease to interest them.
E.g.: Family and society values are replaced by social media influencers. - Self-Alienation: The hatred and exhaustion from the social media and digital platforms have reduce the physical interaction and social cohesion.
E.g.: Virtual communities - Value distortion: Inappropriate content on Internet has caused the decay in moral values of societies.
E.g.: Ex-Bluewhale challenge.
Henceforth, there is a need of cyber ethics for the rational use of Internet with the cultural ethos in mind by proper regulation and liberty of expression for full human development.
Criticism does not help others:
- It makes a person less eager to work and spreads negativity.
E.g.: If someone is donating or giving money to bagger, other person should not tell that this wonât help them in any way, condemning covid warriors for spreading pandemic.
- Intolerance: People are quick to condemn others based on their religion, ethnicity, or political beliefs without attempting to understand their perspective or offer any help.
E.g.: The violence against sexual minorities
- Self-Development: Helping someone or for something gives support, confidence, and hope to a person to work harder.
E.g.: Philanthropy by people for a NGO. - Satisfaction: The statement holds significance in professional duties of, say, civil servants.
E.g.: A clerk at a pension sanctioning office can either help an old widowed lady get her rightful monthly pension
Importance of serving others
- Helps individuals to transcend their own ego and selfish desires.
E.g.: Sharing food to hungry neighbour - Experience a sense of fulfilment and purpose in life.
E.g.: Volunteering during floods to save lives. - Social cooperation and harmony and understanding of needs of others.
E.g.: Serving other community members during their festivals. - Brings a sense of empathy and understanding towards others
- Gain a deeper understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses.
Example, Dr. Prakash Amte a doctor and social worker who has dedicated his life to serving the tribal communities in the state of Maharashtra Gandhi's philosophy of service has inspired countless individuals and social movements around the world, and remains a powerful reminder of the transformative power of selflessness and compassion.
Emotion based morality: Issues
- Shape value: Morality driven by emotions are bound to errors. It unreliable and can lead to a distorted perception of what is right or wrong.
E.g.: Honour killings based on concept of emotional values of caste and family pride against objective vales of human dignity and choice - Distorts harmony: Morality driven by emotions like anger, spite etc can lead to revenge seeking attitude which blurs our true conscience.
E.g.: Issues of cow-vigilantism based on different religious emotions - Corruption: It can go against the state or constitutional morality such as greed, power, and entitlement, rather than objective morality and legality.
E.g.: Corruption is the result of greed.
- Emotions with the evolutionary wisdom have played a prominent role in the great struggles of human kind.
E.g.: For instance, French revolution, which gave the world values of justice equality and fraternity. - Socrates believed that true morality should be based on rationality and logical reasoning and that morality is an essential aspect of human flourishing and the good life.
E.g.: Principles like justice and fairness,
SECTION B
Finance Ministry was asked for a timely allocation of an additional âč6000 crores for these two developmental projects. It was decided to recommend re-appropriation of this entire amount from the NHS allocation. The file was forwarded to Budget Department for their comments and further processing. On studying the case file, Rajesh Kumar realized that this re-appropriation may cause inordinate delay in the execution of NHS, a project much publicized in the rallies of senior politicians. Correspondingly, non-availability of finances would cause financial loss in the SEZ and national embarrassment due to delayed payment in an international project. Rajesh Kumar discussed the matter with his seniors. He was con politically sensitive situation needs to be processed immediately. Rajesh Kumar realized that diversion of funds from NHS could raisĂ© difficult questions for the government in the Parliament. Discuss the following with reference to this case : (a) Ethical issues involved in re-appropriation of funds from a welfare project to the developmental projects. (b) Given the need for proper utilization of public funds, discuss the options available to Rajesh Kumar. Is resigning a worthy option ? (250 words)

- Welfare over development: The NHS is a centrally sponsored social housing scheme aimed at providing housing to the weaker sections of society, whereas the SEZ and the gas processing plant are developmental projects.
- Progress of scheme: The NHS has already drawn âč775 crores out of the allotted âč8300 crores, which means that the re-appropriation of âč6000 crores would adversely affect the progress of the scheme.
- Government commitment and priorities: It would also raise questions on the government's commitment to the welfare of weaker sections of society.
- Political influence: The decision to re-appropriate funds may be influenced by political considerations, which can undermine the integrity of the allocation process
- Transparency: In public finance management any diversion of funds should be done transparently and with clear justifications to maintain public trust and confidence.
- Raise concerns internally: his superiors and colleagues within the Finance Ministry, highlighting the potential negative consequences of re-appropriation. This can contribute to a more informed decision-making process.
- Propose alternative solutions: suggest alternative funding sources or explore the possibility of seeking additional funds from other government departments or external sources.
- Advocate for transparency and accountability: He can push for a thorough evaluation of the impact and implications of re-appropriation, ensuring that decisions are made in the best interest of the public.
- Whistle blowing: Whistle blowing to appropriate authorities or agencies responsible for overseeing public finance management. This can help expose any unethical practices and ensure accountability
8. The Chairman of Bharat Missiles Ltd (BML) was watching a program on TV wherein the Prime Minister was addressing the nation on the necessity of developing a self-reliant India. He subconsciously nodded in agreement and smiled to himself as he mentally reviewed BMLâs journey in the past two decades. BML had admirably progressed from producing first generation anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) to designing and producing state of the art ATGM weapon systems that would be the envy of any army. He sighed in reconciliation with his assumptions that the government would probably not alter the status quo of a ban on export of military weaponry. To his surprise, the very next day he got a telephone call from the Director General, Ministry of Defence, asking him to discuss the modalities of increasing BML production of ATGMs as there is a possibility of exporting the same to a friendly foreign country. The Director General wanted the Chairman to discuss the details with his staff at Delhi next week.
Two days later, at a press conference, the Defence Minister stated that he aims to double the current weapons export levels within five years. This would give an impetus to financing the development and manufacture of indigenous weapons in the country. He also stated that all indigenous arms manufacturing nations have a very good record of international arms trade.
As Chairman of BML, what are your views on the following points ?
(a) As an arms exporter of a responsible nation like India, what are the ethical issues involved in arms trade ?
(b) List five ethical factors that would influence the decision to sell arms to foreign governments. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

(a) Ethical issues involved in arms trade
- Arms trade has been criticized for promoting conflict, human rights abuses, and destabilization of regions.
- The sale of weapons to countries with a history of human rights violations or aggressive foreign policies could be seen as condoning their behaviour.
- Additionally, there is a risk that weapons could be diverted to non-state actors or end up in the wrong hands.
- India being the land of Mahatma must be reflecting principles of non-violence or Ahimsa.
- Human rights: The arms exporter must ensure that the buyer has a good human rights record and will not use the weapons to suppress or harm civilians.
- Regional stability: The sale of weapons must not upset the regional balance of power or fuel conflict in the region.
- National security: The exporter must ensure that the sale of weapons will not harm the national security interests of their own country or allies.
- Transparency: The arms trade should be conducted in a transparent and accountable manner, with clear contracts and oversight mechanisms.
- Responsible use: the importing country must have a track record of responsible international conduct, like abiding international rules and agreements.
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

As the District Collector of Rampura, the ethical issues involved in the situation are manifold.
- The first and foremost issue is that of child labour, which is a violation of the fundamental right to education and protection of children under the Constitution of India.
- Another ethical issue is the exploitation of the poverty-stricken tribal population, particularly minor girls, by labour contractors for the profit-making activities of others.
- The compromised role of NGOs is also a serious ethical issue, as it hinders the welfare of the local population and contributes to the perpetuation of their socio-economic backwardness.
- Enforcement of child labor laws: Strict enforcement of laws against child labor is necessary to protect the rights of children and ensure their education and well-being. This can be achieved through regular inspections of Bt Cotton farms and other workplaces, as well as collaboration with law enforcement agencies.
- Skill development programs: The tribal population of Rampura lacks access to skill development opportunities, which limits their economic prospects. Skill development programs can be initiated to provide training in agriculture, handicrafts, and other trades that are relevant to the local economy.
- Development of infrastructure: Development of infrastructure, particularly roads and communication networks, is crucial for the economic development of the district. Improved connectivity will facilitate access to markets and create new employment opportunities.
- Encouragement of entrepreneurship: Encouraging entrepreneurship among the local population can help create sustainable livelihoods and stimulate economic growth. This can be achieved through the provision of financial and technical support to small businesses and startups.
- Strengthening of civil society: The role of civil society organizations is crucial for the welfare of marginalized communities. The compromised role of NGOs in Rampura underscores the need to strengthen civil society organizations and ensure their effective participation in development initiatives.
Discuss the ethical issues involved in the case. What are the options available to you in this situation ? Explain your selected course of action. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

The case described raises several ethical issues.
- Firstly, the safety and well-being of the labourers were compromised due to the use of poor quality construction material and non-adherence to the approved building plans.
- Secondly, the encroachment on the green belt and slip road violates the Zonal Master Plan, which was created to ensure sustainable and planned development of the city.
- Thirdly, there appears to be a nexus between officials of the Municipal Corporation and the builders, which has led to the compromise of safety and flouting of rules.
- Finally, the pressure being put on the Municipal Commissioner to go slow in the enquiry and the attempt to bribe and threaten the Commissioner is a blatant violation of ethical conduct.
- Ignore the issue and allow the case to be hushed up in exchange for a bribe or under pressure from colleagues and influential individuals. This option is unethical and would result in the compromise of safety and rule of law.
- Follow due process and initiate action against the builder and officials involved in the nexus. This option is ethical but could lead to professional and personal repercussions, including threats and legal action.
- Resign from the post to avoid getting caught up in the situation. This option may seem easier, but it does not address the ethical issues involved and may result in further harm to the labourers and the city.
Critically analyse the story of APW and state the ethical issues involved. Do you consider APW as a role model for development of backward areas ? Give reasons. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

The story of Amria Plastic Works (APW) highlights various ethical issues involved in the development of backward areas.
- First, there is a need for a responsible corporate citizen who should ensure adherence to environmental and labour laws while starting a new industry.
- Second, it is essential to ensure that the local community benefits from the industry's presence in the area.
- Third, transparency and ethical practices should be ensured during the production process.
- Fourth, CSR activities should be focused on uplifting the local community and addressing their basic needs.
APW can be considered a role model for development in backward areas because
- it has addressed many of the issues related to corporate social responsibility, employment generation, and environmental sustainability.
- The company's responsible practices and transparency in their operations have built trust with the local community, making it a win-win situation for both.
- Moreover, APW's CSR activities were focused on addressing the basic needs of the local community, which made a significant difference in their lives.
In your opinion what ethical issues arose in the current migrant crisis ?
What do you understand by an ethical care giving state ?
What assistance can the civil society render to mitigate the sufferings of migrants in similar situations? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

Ethical issues in the migrant crisis:
- Right to Livelihood: The sudden loss of livelihood for migrant workers raised ethical concerns regarding their right to earn a living and support their families.
- Right to Dignity: Migrant workers faced challenges related to basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare, which raised ethical issues concerning their right to live with dignity.
- Equity and Justice: The unequal distribution of resources and assistance during the crisis raised ethical questions about fairness and justice for migrant workers who were already marginalized.
- Humanitarian Responsibility: The lack of timely and adequate response from some districts in providing essential support to migrants highlighted ethical concerns about the duty to protect and assist vulnerable populations in times of crisis.
- Exploitation and Vulnerability: The plight of migrant workers revealed ethical issues related to their vulnerability to exploitation, unsafe working conditions, and lack of social security
Civil society can play a significant role in mitigating the sufferings of migrants in similar situations.
- Creating temporary shelters with daily provisions or cash doles
- Arranging free medical camps with support from doctors
- Liaising with authorities in homeward journeys of migrants
- Helping them communicate with families
- Providing psychological support
- Assisting migrants with legal support, ensuring their rights are protected
2019
SECTION A
Basic principles of public life:
- Selflessness: Public officials should act in the best interests of the public and not seek personal gain.
E.g.: A government minister refrains from accepting gifts or favours that may influence their decision-making process. - Integrity: Public officials should demonstrate honesty, moral courage, and high ethical standards.
E.g.: A judge maintains impartiality and avoids conflicts of interest when presiding over a case. - Objectivity: Public officials should make decisions based on evidence, facts, and impartial analysis.
E.g.: A planning officer evaluates development proposals based on zoning regulations and community needs rather than personal preferences. - Accountability: Public officials should be accountable for their actions and decisions, and they should be willing to justify and explain their choices.
E.g.: A government official appears before a parliamentary committee to answer questions regarding a policy decision. - Openness: Public officials should be transparent and provide information to the public unless there are legitimate reasons for confidentiality.
E.g.: A government department publishes its budget and expenditure details for public scrutiny. - Honesty: Public officials should be truthful and not knowingly provide false or misleading information.
E.g.: A police officer provides accurate and factual testimony in court during a criminal trial. - Leadership: Public officials should exhibit leadership qualities and inspire public trust and confidence.
E.g.: An elected representative engages with constituents, listens to their concerns, and takes action to address them.
- Integrity: Public servants are expected to uphold honesty, fairness, and ethical conduct.
E.g.: Police officer acting impartially in enforcing the law demonstrates the principle of integrity. - Accountability: Public servants are accountable for their actions and decisions.
E.g: Government official providing transparent reports on the use of public funds or a public representative answering to constituents for their policy decisions. - Impartiality: Public servants are required to act without bias, favouritism, or discrimination.
E.g.: Judge rendering a verdict based solely on the evidence presented, irrespective of personal beliefs, or a civil servant treating all citizens equally when providing public services.
Thus, when public officials adhere to these principles, they promote trust, confidence, and accountability in government institutions, and they contribute to the effective and efficient delivery of public service. (194 words)
Expected role of public servant:
- Service to the Public: They provide essential services, make policies, and implement programs that promote the common good.
E.g.: District collector in Madhya Pradesh P Narahari won 40 awards making villages disabled friendly. - Upholding the Rule of Law: Public servants are expected to ensure that laws and regulations are adhered to and justice is delivered impartially.
E.g.: Kiran Bedi, the first female Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, was known for her strict adherence to the rule of law - Ethical Conduct: They must act with integrity, transparency, and accountability in their decision-making, avoiding conflicts of interest and making decisions in the best interest of the public.
E.g.: T.N. Seshan, a former Chief Election Commissioner of India, initiated electoral reforms, cracked down on electoral malpractices, and ensured free and fair elections
Effective utilisation of public funds for achieving development goals:
- Resource Optimization: Effective utilization of public funds ensures that resources are allocated in a manner that maximizes their impact.
E.g.: A government allocates funds to upgrade and expand the public transportation system in a growing city. - Social Welfare: Effective utilization ensures equitable access to essential services, thereby uplifting the disadvantaged and promoting social inclusivity.
E.g.: Public funds are directed towards a poverty alleviation program empower disadvantaged to break the cycle of poverty. - Strengthening Governance and Public Institutions: Public funds are utilized to enhance the capacity and efficiency of government agencies responsible for public service delivery, ensuring effective implementation of policies and programs.
- Reduce corruption: Better utilization of technical assistance and skilled human resource can be used to reduce corruption.
- Inefficient Governance and Bureaucracy: Inadequate administrative capacity, red tape, and delays in decision-making - result in delayed projects, cost overruns, and poor implementation.
E.g.: Bureaucratic inefficiencies causing delays in project approvals, under-utilizing allocated funds. - Lack of Accountability and Transparency: Weak mechanisms for monitoring and accountability - lack of transparency in procurement processes, and corruption.
E.g.: A government official misusing public health funds, depriving intended beneficiaries. - Political Interference: lead to misallocation based on political considerations rather than merit or developmental priorities, neglecting areas with genuine needs.
E.g.: Funds may be diverted to projects based on political interests rather than their potential impact on development. - Budgetary issues: Improper budgetary allocation and delayed release of funds. Example, âMarch rushâ.
- Inadequate Capacity and Skills: Lack of technical expertise and capacity within public institutions can lead to ineffective utilization of funds.
- Implications of Under-utilization of Public Funds:
- Incomplete infrastructure projects lead to delays, wasted resources, and unfulfilled benefits.
- Missed development goals hinder progress in sectors like healthcare, education, and poverty reduction.
- Wastage of taxpayer money, reducing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of public spending.
- Implications of Mis-utilization of Public Funds:
- Corruption and embezzlement result in significant loss of public resources.
- Inadequate service delivery in critical sectors like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
- Weakened public trust in government institutions and processes.
- Erosion of public trust and confidence in the government, which can undermine social cohesion and democratic processes.
- Economic and Social Consequences:
- Economic inefficiency due to wasted resources and missed opportunities for growth.
- Increased socio-economic disparities and inequality.
Non-performance of duty as a form of corruption:
- Breach of Trust: Public servants are entrusted with the responsibility of serving the public interest and executing their duties diligently.
E.g.: Police officer refusing to file complaint. - Wasting public resources: Affects the delivery of public services, leading to inefficiency, delays financial loss.
E.g.: Poor coordination between ministries leading to newly laid roads being dug up. - Misuse of Power: Public servants hold positions of authority and are expected to exercise their powers responsibly.
E.g.: Vyapam scam (2013): Government officials manipulated entrance exams, enabling corruption through bribery and irregular admissions. - Misleading public: By non-performance one is creating a sense of misleading acts that is equal to corruption.
E.g.: A public official fails to clear pension of a citizen leading to failure to perform his duty.
Therefore, each case must be evaluated individually to determine if it amounts to corruption or other factors are involved.
Upholding constitutional morality involves:
- Respect for Constitutional Provisions: It entails acknowledging and respecting the fundamental rights, duties, and principles outlined in the constitution.
- Compliance with the Rule of Law: Individuals must abide by the laws and regulations established within the constitutional framework, ensuring that legal provisions are upheld and implemented.
- Protection of Rights: Upholding constitutional morality requires safeguarding the rights and liberties of individuals, promoting inclusivity, and combating any form of discrimination or injustice.
E.g.: Advocating for the rights of marginalized communities, such as LGBTQ+ rights - Accountability and Transparency: Individuals in positions of power should be accountable to the constitution and the public, acting in a transparent manner while exercising their authority.
- Judicial Activism: It interprets the Constitution and safeguarding the rights of citizens thereby act as a powerful tool to enforce constitutional morality.
E.g.: Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan (1997) SC laid down guidelines ensure proper treatment of women in all workplaces. - Participating in the democratic process: Participating in public debates, and engaging with elected representatives can contribute to upholding constitutional morality by influencing policy decisions and holding the government accountable.
E.g.: Voting in election influence government to shape policies and laws in accordance with constitutional principles. - Civic Education: Education and awareness about constitutional morality are crucial to upholding it. This involves promoting civic education and engaging citizens in democratic processes.
E.g.: Conducting awareness programmes in schools.
3. (b) What is meant by âcrisis of conscienceâ? How does it manifest in the public domain? (150 words)
Manifestations of crisis of conscience in the public domain
- Conflicts of Interest: Public officials may face a crisis of conscience when their personal interests clash with interests of the public.
E.g.: A government official being pressured to make decisions in favour of a close relative. - Whistle blowing: Witnessing misconduct in organizations may lead to a moral dilemma.
E.g.: Employee uncovering fraud faces career risk when deciding to report. - Public Policy and Decision-making: Crisis of conscience arise when making decisions that impact the well-being of society, especially when they face conflicting interests or pressures.
E.g.: A legislator deliberating on a controversial bill, torn between the demands of their constituents, party loyalty, and personal convictions. - Moral Dilemmas in Public Service: Public servants, such as doctors, police officers, or civil servants, may encounter ethical dilemmas that challenge their professional and personal integrity.
E.g.: A doctor who is asked to perform a medical procedure that goes against their ethical principles, such as performing an abortion or assisted suicide.
- Environmental and Social Concerns: Professionals in impactful industries navigate profit versus sustainability and social responsibility.
E.g.: Manufacturing executive torn between environmental compliance and short-term financial gains. - Corruption vs. Integrity: A journalist who is asked to publish a news article that contains false or misleading information that goes against their journalistic principles of truth and accuracy
The basic principles of citizenâs charter:
- Service Orientation: Citizens' charters focus on delivering quality services to citizens efficiently and effectively. It emphasizes the rights and expectations of citizens as service recipients.
- Information Disclosure: The movement emphasizes the disclosure of relevant information to citizens, ensuring transparency in service delivery.
E.g.: Right to Information Act (2005) provides citizens with the right to access information held by public authorities. - Grievance Redressal: Citizens' charters prioritize the establishment of robust grievance Redressal mechanisms and ensures prompt and fair resolution.
E.g.: Consumer Protection Act (2019 provides a mechanism to seek Redressal for issues such as unfair trade practices, deficient services, or product defects. - Accountability and Performance Measurement: The movement holds public officials accountable for their actions and ensures continuous improvement in service quality based on set standards.E.g.: Jan Dhan Yojana has provision of passbooks and electronic banking services, ensuring accountability in managing funds and transactions.
- Enhances transparency and accountability by making service providers more responsive to citizens' needs.
- Citizenâs participation: Promotes citizen engagement and participation which leads to greater satisfaction and trust in public institutions.
E.g.: Department of Pension seeks continuous feedback from citizens through citizen charter. - Increases efficiency and effectiveness by encouraging innovation, best practices, and performance monitoring.
E.g.: Public Distribution System (PDS) reduce corruption and ensure targeted delivery of food grains by establishing grievance redressal mechanisms for citizens. - Empowering citizens: It promotes transparency, accountability, and citizen participation by allowing individuals to seek information about government policies, decisions, and actions.
E.g.: RTI Act empowered Indian citizens by providing them the right to access information.
OSA obstacle to RTI:
- Conflicting provisions: The OSA, enacted to protect national security and sensitive information, can potentially restrict the flow of information and hinder transparency since government can declare anything as secret or classified.
- Broad definitions: The OSA's provisions, such as broad definitions of secrecy and stringent penalties, may deter public officials from sharing information, even when it is within the scope of the RTI Act.
- Potential for abuse: Government authorities sometimes invoke the Official Secrets Act to withhold information that should be disclosed under the RTI Act.
- Fear of persecution and reprisals: The existence and enforcement of the OSA can create a chilling effect on potential whistleblowers fearing legal consequences and personal repercussions.
E.g.: Employees being hesitant to disclose instances of corruption due to the fear of prosecution under the OSA. - Misuse: The law is misused for booking journalists when they publicise information that causes embarrassment to the government.
E.g.: Journalist Tarakant Dwivedi was booked for criminal trespass under the OSA 2011. An RTI query later revealed that the armoury he visited was not a prohibited area.
E.g.: Classified and sensitive documents on national security issues like Nuclear Installations, Movement of Troops etc. is of little use to the public and also jeopardise the safety of the nation. Striking the right balance between national security and the citizens' right to information is crucial. Additionally, RTI section 8 (2) provides that notwithstanding OSA provisions a public authority may allow access to information, in public interest.
Thus, amendments to the OSA regarding definitions, along with awareness and sensitization of public officials, can help overcome any obstacles and ensure that the implementation of the RTI Act is not unduly impeded while maintaining necessary safeguards for national security.
Measures for ensuring probity in governance:
- Strengthening Ethical Frameworks: Implementing and enforcing robust ethical codes and standards for public officials.
E.g.: Code of conduct and ethics for all departments. - Transparency and Accountability: Promoting transparency in government operations, including budgetary processes, procurement, and decision-making.
E.g.: Proactive disclosure of information under the Right to Information Act. - Whistleblower Protection: Creating a safe environment for individuals to report corruption or unethical practices, safeguarding whistleblowers from reprisals, and establishing effective mechanisms for addressing complaints.
- Strengthening Oversight Mechanisms: Enhancing the role of audit bodies, anti-corruption agencies, to independently monitor government activities, investigate cases of corruption, and ensure adherence to probity standards.
E.g.: Establishment of Central Vigilance Commission in investigating corruption cases. - Promoting Ethical Leadership: Training and professional development opportunities focused on ethical decision-making and promoting values-driven leadership.
- Grievance redressal: Easy access of government officials to the public is important for grievance redressal. It can be ensured through:
E.g.: Availability of Contact numbers of senior servants to Public - Encouraging citizen participation and engagement: Promoting mechanisms for citizen participation, such as public consultations, social audits, and grievance redressal systems, to foster transparency and accountability.
E.g.: The implementation of social audits MGNREGA Act allowing citizens to monitor the implementation of projects and expenditure.
Ability to make emotions in your interest rather than against you:
- Self-Awareness: EI empowers individuals to utilize their emotions in a constructive manner, leading to better self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and relationship management.
E.g.: A salesperson with high emotional intelligence can read customers' emotions, understand their needs, and adjust their approach accordingly. - Positive attitude: By understanding and harnessing their emotions, individuals can make informed decisions, adapt to challenging situations, and build strong interpersonal connections. E.g.: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the CM of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, demonstrated emotional intelligence by leading from the front and inspiring confidence in the public.
- Controlling Negative emotions: With high emotional intelligence, individuals can navigate conflicts, respond to stress more effectively, and maintain better mental well-being.
- Self-Regulation: It helps individuals build resilience, manage conflicts with empathy and understanding, and foster healthy relationships.
- Maintaining good relationships: EI enables individuals to handle workplace dynamics, communicate effectively, and lead teams with empathy and emotional support.
E.g.: A team leader, motivate their team, and foster a positive and collaborative atmosphere.
Measures for developing EI:
- Developing self-awareness and mindfulness practices.
E.g.: Practising Yoga, Meditation - Learning how to regulate emotions through stress-management techniques. E.g.: Talking to parents, friends etc
- Improving communication and active listening skills to better understand others.
- Developing empathy by putting oneself in othersâ shoes.
- Practicing conflict resolution and problem-solving skills.
(a) âAn unexamined life is not worth living.â â Socrates (150 words)
The quote signifies the significance of constantly questioning our beliefs, values, actions, and choices. By examining our lives, we gain insights into our true selves, identify areas for growth, and strive for self-improvement. This can help us make more conscious choices and live in accordance with our true selves.
Why unexamined life is not worth living?
- An unexamined human life, is deprived of the meaning and purpose of existence.
- It does not focus on self-awareness and self-regulation, leave apart helping others.
- Person is unaware of his strengths, weaknesses and live as a robotic life without contributing much to humanity.
- It is devoid of knowledge development and is superficial at best
- Value of Self-Reflection: Taking time to reflect on one's values, goals, and actions, and considering their alignment with personal beliefs and principles.
E.g.: For instance, Mahatma Gandhi believed in importance of introspection as explained in his autobiography âMy experiments with truthâ. - Pursuit of Wisdom: Engaging in intellectual pursuits, seeking knowledge, and challenging one's own assumptions to gain a deeper understanding of oneself and the world.
- Conscious Decision-Making: By examining one's life, individuals can make more conscious and deliberate choices.
E.g.: Considering the consequences and ethical implications of decisions before acting, rather than acting on impulse or societal pressures. - Personal Growth and fulfilment: Engaging in activities that foster personal development, such as seeking feedback, setting goals, and continuously learning and evolving.
- Authenticity and Meaning: By examining one's life, individuals can strive for authenticity and find deeper meaning in their experiences.
E.g.: Living in accordance with one's true self and pursuing activities and relationships that bring genuine joy and fulfilment.
Man becomes what he thinks:
- Motivates and make goal oriented: By nurturing optimistic, compassionate, and empowering thoughts, we can develop resilience, motivation, and a growth-oriented mindset.
E.g.: Dhirubhai Ambani of Reliance Industries, started out with a small textile business but through his strong belief in his ideas and hard work, he built a large business empire.
- Overcoming Limiting Beliefs: It helps in challenging and changing limiting beliefs can empower individuals to achieve their full potential.
- Upholding Integrity and Ethics: Hold strong ethical principles and believe in the importance of honesty and integrity become exemplars of these values.
E.g.: E. Sreedharan, popularly known as the "Metro Manâ, played a pivotal role in Delhi Metro project by holding transparency, accountability, and delivering high-quality infrastructure. - Positive Thinking and Well-being: The quote suggests that cultivating positive thoughts can contribute to overall well-being and happiness.
- Innovating for Development: Civil servants who embrace innovative thinking and believe in the power of ideas can drive impactful development initiatives.
E.g.: Satyendra Dubey, an IES officer, blow the whistle on corruption in the NHAI, making him a symbol of integrity and a catalyst for reforms in the Indian bureaucracy.
Therefore, it is essential to cultivate positive thoughts through mindfulness practices, gratitude journaling, and surrounding ourselves with positive people and environments.
How righteousness in the heart leads to better nation and world?
- Righteousness and beauty in character: Righteousness means doing the right thing based on moral principles. They build beautiful character that inspires others.
E.g.: Righteous person possesses qualities such as honesty, integrity, empathy and respect for others.
- Harmony in the home: When family members have beautiful characters, they live in harmony.
E.g.: This provides a nurturing environment for children to learn values and ethics becoming
- Order in the nation: When responsible citizens form a majority, it leads to the development of an ordered nation.
E.g.: Asoka promoted the code of Dhamma in his empire, which was the set ideal social behaviour for promoting peace and enabling prosperity in the kingdom.
- Peace in the world: When there is order in the nation, it contributes to world peace.
E.g.: Nations with strong democratic ideals uphold human rights, respect diversity, and promote equality,
SECTION B
In such trying circumstances, what will be your response? Examine the qualities of a public servant which will be required to manage the situations. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

In such a challenging and crisis-ridden situation, my response as the head of the rescue operations would be focused on prioritizing the safety and well-being of both the affected people and my team members. I would adopt the following approach:
- Assess the Situation: I would first evaluate the severity of the crisis, considering the immediate needs of the affected people, the condition of supply routes, and the level of hostility displayed by the local population.
- Ensure Safety and Security: I would take immediate measures to ensure teamâs protection, providing medical attention and steps to prevent further harm. I would request them to show empathy and professionalism.
- Establish Communication Channels: I would initiate dialogue with the local community leaders, explaining our limitations and the challenges we face in a transparent manner. Ensure them that their lives are our priority. This will build trust.
- Strengthen Local Engagement: Involving local community members in the rescue operations will empower the community, fostering a sense of ownership and cooperation.
- Mobilize Additional Resources: To overcome the disruption caused by damaged supply routes and heavy rainfall, I would coordinate with relevant authorities and agencies to secure additional resources.
- Leadership: A public servant must maintain composure and guiding the team during challenging times, inspiring confidence, and fostering a sense of purpose.
- Emotional Intelligence: The ability to understand and empathize with the emotions helps in managing conflicts, maintaining composure, and making informed decisions.
- Effective Communication: Clear and compassionate communication is essential in gaining the trust of the affected people and team members.
- Adaptability and Resilience: The capacity to adapt to changing circumstances and bounce back from setbacks is vital in managing crisis situations and to find innovative solutions.
In the recent past, a few instances have surfaced where in civil servants has been implicated for bonafide mistakes. They have often been prosecuted and even imprisoned. These instances have greatly rattled the moral fiber of the civil servants.
How does this trend affect the functioning of civil services? What measures can be taken to ensure that honest civil servants are not implicated for bonafide mistakes on their part? Justify your answer. (250 words)
- It erodes the morale and confidence of civil servants
- Hampers their ability to take decisions and perform their duties effectively.
- The fear of being prosecuted or imprisoned for genuine errors creates a culture of risk aversion fearing potential repercussions.
- This results in bureaucratic paralysis, delays in decision-making,
- Causes lack of innovation and efficiency in public service delivery.
- Strong Legal Framework: Laws and regulations should be clear in distinguishing between honest errors made in the line of duty and acts of corruption or personal gain.
- Procedural Safeguards: Implementing procedural safeguards such as independent oversight mechanisms, internal checks and balances, and review processes can help evaluate decisions made by civil servants.
- Training and Capacity Building: Training should emphasize ethical conduct, accountability, and prudent decision-making, ensuring civil servants have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities and mitigate risks
- Supportive Work Environment: Fostering a supportive work environment that encourages learning from mistakes and promotes a culture of trust and openness - establishing mechanisms seek guidance and clarification and access to legal advice when needed.
- Appreciation of Public Servants: Recognizing and appreciating the efforts of honest civil servants is essential to boost their morale and restore their confidence.
After sometime a women employee launched a formal complaint to the management against the marketing executive about sexually harassing her. Faced with the companiesâ indifference, in not taking cognizance of her grievances, she lodged an FIR with police.
Realizing the sensitivity and gravity of the situation, the company called the women employee to negotiate. In that she was offered a hefty sum of money to withdraw the complaint and the FIR and also give in writing that the marketing executive is not involved in the case.
Identify the ethical issues involved in this case. What options are available to the women employee? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

The case presented raises several ethical issues that need to be addressed
- Sexual Harassment: Case involves the allegation of violation of the woman employee's dignity, safety, and well-being â need to ensure fair and impartial investigation.
- Corporate Indifference: Failing to address complaints of sexual harassment promptly and appropriately disregards the employee's rights and perpetuates a culture of misconduct.
- Attempted Bribery: Attempting to silence the victim and suppress the truth through financial incentives undermines the pursuit of justice and accountability.
- Accountability and Transparency: Organizations have a responsibility to provide a safe and supportive work environment, address complaints promptly.
- Pursuing Legal Action: The woman employee has already lodged an FIR. She can continue to cooperate with the authorities and provide any necessary evidence to support her case.
- Seeking Support from Advocacy Groups: Engaging with advocacy groups or can provide the woman employee with guidance, advice, and emotional support throughout the legal process.
- Reporting to Higher Authorities: If the company's management continues cover-up attempt, she can report the matter to higher authorities, such as labour unions, regulatory bodies, or government agencies responsible for labour rights and workplace safety.
- Documenting Evidence: She needs to document any evidence communication records, emails, or witnesses related to the harassment and the attempted bribery.
- Seeking Legal Counsel: It can provide the woman employee with legal advice, representation, and guidance on how to navigate the legal proceedings effectively.
However, in the subsequent decades the situation has changed. There are instances of the political executive insisting upon the permanent executives to follow its agenda. Respect for an appreciation of an upright bureaucrats has declined. There is an increasing tendency among the political executive to get involved in routine administrative matters such as transfers, posting etc. Under this scenario, there is a definitive trend towards âpoliticization of bureaucracyâ. The raising materialism and acquisitiveness in social life has also adversely impacted upon the ethical values of both the permanent executive and the political executive.
What are the consequences of this âpoliticization of bureaucracy? Discuss. (250 words)
- Weakening of Meritocracy: Qualified and experienced bureaucrats may be sidelined in favour of individuals with political affiliations in cases of posting, transfers etc, undermining the effectiveness and efficiency of the bureaucracy.
- Erosion of Professionalism: When bureaucrats feel compelled to prioritize political interests over the public interest, it can negatively impact their objectivity, integrity, and commitment to serving the common good.
- Lack of Continuity and Stability: Frequent transfers and postings influenced by political considerations disrupt the continuity and stability of bureaucratic roles.
- Diminished Public Trust: When citizens perceive that decisions and actions are driven by political motives rather than the welfare of the people, it undermines the legitimacy and credibility of government institutions.
- Reduced Accountability: Politicization may lead to a diffusion of accountability. Bureaucrats may be forced to comply with political directives that may be contrary to good governance practices, creating a lack of transparency and accountability.
- Strengthening Bureaucratic Autonomy: Implementing mechanisms to insulate bureaucrats from political pressures and ensuring their appointments and promotions are based on merit can help restore their independence.
- Clear Role Definition: Clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of both political and permanent executives can foster better cooperation, mutual respect, and understanding.
- Professional Development and Ethical Training: Continuous professional development programs and ethical training can reinforce the ethical values and integrity of bureaucrats.
- Strengthening Oversight Mechanisms: Enhancing oversight mechanisms, such as independent audit bodies, anti-corruption agencies, and parliamentary committees, can help ensure accountability.
- Promoting Public Awareness and Engagement: Encouraging citizen participation and engagement in governance processes can also hold political executives accountable and reduce politicization tendencies.
If you are the same police officer, identify the various dimensions of the crisis. Based on your understanding, suggest measures to deal with the crisis. (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

As the appointed superintendent of police in the district facing a rampant narcotics menace, I would identify the following dimensions of the crisis:
- Narcotics menace: drug abuse, trafficking, and criminal activities.
- Money laundering: Illicit funds being generated and circulated.
- Poppy farming: Uncontrolled cultivation of poppy plants to produce narcotics.
- Arms smuggling: Illegal trade of firearms and weapons.
- Education crisis: Deterioration of the education system due to drug trade.
- Political and police corruption: Alleged collusion of local politicians and senior police officers with drug mafia
- Strengthen Law Enforcement: Enhance the capacity and training of the police force, resources, and technology to combat the narcotics menace effectively. Implement specialized anti-narcotics units and establish intelligence networks.
- Conduct Comprehensive Investigations: Launch thorough investigations into the alleged collusion between politicians, senior police officers, and the drug mafia. Establish an independent task force or commission to probe the matter ensuring transparency and accountability.
- Community Engagement and Awareness: Encourage citizens to report drug-related activities, provide protection for whistleblowers, and establish rehabilitation programs for drug users.
- Collaboration with Intelligence Agencies: Collaborate with national and international intelligence agencies to exchange information, track the sources of drugs, and dismantle drug trafficking networks.
- Support Socio-economic Development: Promote alternative livelihood options for farmers involved in poppy farming, create employment opportunities, and improve access to education, healthcare, and social services.
- Protection and Empowerment of Women: Empower women through leadership roles in law enforcement, establish support systems for victims, and promote gender-sensitive approaches in rehabilitation and awareness programs.
a) Anticipating specific threats to ethical standards and integrity in the civil services,
Strengthening the ethical competence of civil servant and
b) Developing administrative processes and practices which promote ethical values and integrity in civil services.
c) Suggest institutional measures to address the above three issues. (250 words)
a) Anticipating specific threats to ethical standards and integrity in the civil services:
- Establishing an Ethics and Integrity Unit: This unit can conduct regular risk assessments, analyze emerging trends, and develop strategies to mitigate risks.
- Whistleblower Protection Mechanism: This will encourage civil servants to come forward with information and provide safeguards against retaliation.
- Conducting Periodic Ethical Audits: These audits can assess compliance with codes of conduct and ethics, identify areas of vulnerability, and recommend corrective actions.
- Ethics Training and Capacity Building: Provide comprehensive and continuous training on ethical decision-making, conflict of interest, accountability, and transparency.
- Mentoring Programs: These programs can provide guidance, promote ethical behaviour, and facilitate the sharing of best practices.
- Ethical Leadership Development: Encourage civil servants to lead by example, uphold ethical standards, and foster a culture of integrity within their respective organizations.
- Transparent Recruitment and Promotion Processes: Establish clear and objective criteria for selection and promotion, reducing the potential for favouritism or corruption.
- Strengthening Disciplinary Mechanisms: Ensure that disciplinary actions are fair, proportionate, and consistent, sending a strong message that unethical behaviour will not be tolerated.
- Citizen Engagement and Feedback Mechanisms: Implement mechanisms such as complaint redressal systems, public satisfaction surveys, and citizen charters to enhance transparency and accountability.
2018
SECTION A
The three basic values that are considered universal in the context of civil services are:
- Integrity: This value emphasizes the importance of honesty and adherence to ethical principles. Civil servants are expected to act with impartiality, transparency, and accountability in their actions and decisions.
E.g.: A civil servant with integrity would refuse bribes or illegal favors, prioritize the public interest over personal gain, - Impartiality: Impartiality means treating all individuals and groups equally, without favoritism or bias.
E.g.: An impartial civil servant would assess applications, grant permits, or allocate resources solely based on merit, without - Professionalism: Professionalism refers to the competence and expertise required to perform the duties and responsibilities of a civil servant.
E.g.: This helps in acquiring and updating skills and knowledge, and the ability to work effectively with colleagues and stakeholders.
- Integrity: It ensures that civil servants are accountable and responsible for their actions, which in turn, helps to promote a culture of good governance and ethical behaviour.
- Impartiality: In the civil services, impartiality is essential to ensure fair decision-making, non-discrimination, and the effective delivery of public services. It upholds the principle of equal treatment and protects the rights and interests of all citizens.
- Professionalism: It is critical for ensuring that civil servants are able to provide high-quality services to the public. It also helps to establish the credibility and legitimacy of the civil service, which is important for maintaining public trust.
- E.g.: It might stipulate that ABC Corporation is committed to environmental protection and green initiatives.
- E.g.: It might forbid sexual harassment, racial intimidation or viewing inappropriate or unauthorized content on company computers.
Code of Ethics | Code of conduct |
1.   Include core ethical values, principles and ideals of the organization | 1. Contains specific practices and behaviour, that are followed or restricted under the organisation. |
2. General and broad in nature | 2. Specific and narrow in range |
3. Governs decision-making | 3. Governs actions |
4. Designed to provide a set of values for decision-making | 4. Expectations about which actions are required, acceptable or prohibited â less use of ethical judgement |
5. Focus on values â aspirational document | 5. Focus on rules and compliance â Directional document |
6. Publicly disclosed | 6. Usually accessible only to employees |
7. E.g.: Nolanâs 7 principles for public servants | 7. E.g.: All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968 |
2. (a) What is mean by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil servants in public interest? (150 words)
The principles and procedures to be followed by civil servants in public interest include:
- Integrity: Civil servants must act with honesty, impartiality, and fairness in all their dealings, and avoid conflicts of interest.
E.g.: Vinod Rai, a former CAG demonstrated integrity and accountability exposing irregularities and financial mismanagement in government departments. - Accountability: Civil servants must be accountable for their actions and decisions, and ensure that they are transparent and open to scrutiny.
E.g.: Kiran Bedi, IPS officer, is known for her strong commitment to impartiality and accountability. - Responsiveness: Civil servants must be responsive to the needs and concerns of the public, and provide high-quality services in a timely and efficient manner.Â
E.g.: N. R. Narayana Murthy, the co-founder of Infosys, exemplifies the principles of professionalism and public service orientation. - Participation: Civil servants must actively engage with the public and stakeholders, and seek their input and feedback in decision-making processes.
- Professionalism: Civil servants must adhere to high professional standards, and continuously develop their skills and knowledge to better serve the public.
E.g.: K. Kasturirangan, a former Chairman of the ISRO, is an example of professionalism and public service orientation.
Role of RTI in citizen empowerment:
- Participatory Democracy: Citizens can access information on public policies and decisions, and provide feedback to public authorities, thereby contributing to the decision-making process.
- Access to information: The RTI Act grants citizens the right to access information held by public authorities, empowering them with knowledge about government functioning.
- Monitoring public services: This allows citizens to track the progress, question delays, and demand efficient service delivery.
E.g.: Citizens can seek information about the status of their applications for services like passports, ration cards, or utilities. - Safeguarding fundamental rights: The RTI Act protects citizens' fundamental rights by ensuring transparency and accountability in governance.
- Empowering marginalized communities: This enables them to assert their rights, demand equitable treatment, and expose any discrimination or exclusion.
E.g.: It allows them to access information about government schemes, entitlements, and social welfare programs designed for their benefit.
- Promoting Accountability: Public authorities are required to proactively disclose information. E.g.: The act redefines the concept of accountability by placing the onus on public authorities to justify their actions and decisions to the public.
- Prevention of Corruption: The RTI Act helps prevent corruption by promoting transparency and accountability in public institutions.
E.g.: Satyendra Dubey was an IES officer exposed corruption despite facing threats; he filed an RTI application seeking information on the irregularities. - Promoting transparency: The RTI Act ensures that government functioning becomes more transparent, allowing citizens to access information about various aspects of governance.
E.g.: Citizens can seek information about the utilization of funds for government schemes such as MGNREGA. - Awareness of rights: RTI has led to awareness of rights and responsibilities as citizens among people. This led to increased accountability of officials through RTI and litigation.
E.g.: Villagers in Madhubani district, Bihar used RTI to expose a solar-light scam, leading to charges against 200 corrupt officials.
Actual Conflict of Interest:
- Definition: An actual conflict of interest occurs when an individual's personal interests directly interfere with their professional responsibilities or duties.
E.g.: A government official who owns shares in a company that is bidding for a government contract. The official's personal financial gain conflicts with their duty to ensure a fair and transparent bidding process. - Characteristics:
- The conflict is present and ongoing.
- Personal interests are directly at odds with professional obligations.
- There is a high risk of bias, compromised decision-making, or unfair advantage.
- Definition: A potential conflict of interest refers to a situation where there is a possibility that an individual's personal interests could interfere with their professional duties in the future.
E.g.: Journalist with stock options in a company may face future bias. - Characteristics:
- The conflict may not currently exist but has the potential to arise
- Personal interests could create a bias or perception of bias.
- There is a risk of compromised objectivity or credibility in the future.
What do you understand by this statement in the present-day scenario? Explain. (150 words)
If lacks integrity other two will kill you:
Intelligence and energy are important qualities, but they should not come at the cost of integrity. Without integrity, an individual's intelligence and energy can be used to deceive, manipulate, and cheat, ultimately leading to unethical and unlawful behaviour.
E.g.: Several high-profile corporate scandals Satyam scandal, highlight the devastating consequences that arise when individuals lack integrity.
In the present-day scenario, this statement holds significant relevance due to several reasons:
- Trust and Ethics: In an increasingly complex and interconnected world, maintaining trust and ethical conduct is paramount.
- Transparency and Accountability: Employee with integrity takes responsibility for their actions and rectifying the situation.
E.g.: An employee with integrity openly communicate mistakes or discrepancies they discover in their work - Reputation and Brand Image: Customers and stakeholders trust and respect the organization, leading to increased loyalty and business opportunities.
- Legal and Regulatory Compliance: An employee with integrity would adhere to legal and regulatory requirements diligently. E.g.: Avoid tax evasion.
Analysis of permissible and impermissible actions with examples:
- Legal Boundaries: Even when pursuing a "good thing," they must operate within the confines of the law. E.g.: A public servant working in a finance department cannot allocate public funds for personal projects, even if they believe it would benefit the community.
- Ethical Guidelines: Public servants are expected to adhere to ethical standards like integrity, transparency, fairness, and accountability in their actions.
E.g.: A police officer cannot use excessive force against a suspect, even if they believe it would help prevent crime. - Prohibited Actions: This could include accepting bribes, misusing public resources, or engaging in conflicts of interest that compromise their impartiality.
- Implications and Consequences: Even if a specific action is not expressly prohibited, they should evaluate whether it may have negative consequences or compromise public trust.
E.g.: A government official giving preferential treatment to a family member's business, although not expressly prohibited, creates a perception of favoritism. - Public Interest: While pursuing a "good thing," they must ensure that their actions prioritize the well-being and welfare of the community
Means as Paramount:
- Ethical Integrity: This perspective emphasizes that moral actions should be grounded in ethical principles and adhere to a set of rules or guidelines.
E.g.: Refusing to use deceit or manipulation to achieve personal gain, even if the end result seems beneficial. - Consistency and Fairness: The focus is on ensuring consistency and fairness in how actions are carried out, regardless of the desired outcome.
E.g.: Treating all employees equally and following fair hiring practices, rather than engaging in favouritism, even if it could lead to better short-term results for the organization. - Maintaining Trust and Reputation: Actions conducted with integrity foster trust among stakeholders and contribute to a positive reputation.
E.g.: A business refusing to compromise customer privacy, even if it could lead to increased profitability or competitive advantage.
- Consequentialist Approach: This perspective prioritizes the outcome or consequences of an action as the primary factor in determining its morality.
E.g.: Breaking into a building to save a person's life during an emergency, even though the act of breaking in would typically be considered unethical. - Utilitarianism: The focus is on maximizing overall happiness or well-being, even if it means engaging in morally questionable actions.
E.g.: Example: A government enacting strict measures to improve public safety, even if it involves temporarily infringing on personal freedoms. - Necessity and Greater Good: Actions that may be ethically problematic are justified when they serve a greater good or prevent significant harm.
E.g.: Undercover police officers engaging in deceptive tactics to infiltrate criminal organizations and prevent crimes or protect vulnerable individuals.
Possible unforeseen contingencies:
- Displacement: Since dams are land intensive it often involves deforestation, displacement of tribal people and submergence of villages among other challenges.
- Affects livelihood: Tribals had been living in the area for generations and it would be difficult for them to find an alternative place and means of livelihood.
- Hazards: Unforeseen challenges include landslide, earthquake, flash floods, unscientific land-use etc.
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Conducting EIA will help identify the possible environmental and social impacts of the construction.
- Consultation and Participation: Engage with the ethnic communities living in the region and take their views and opinions into consideration before starting the construction.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish a robust grievance redressal mechanism that is transparent, accessible, and impartial, and should involve all stakeholders.
- Adaptive Management and Flexibility: Contingency plans in place to deal with any unforeseen events that may occur during the construction or after the dam is built.
E.g.: This includes natural disasters, displacement of communities, and possible conflicts that may arise.
Process of resolving ethical dilemmas:
- Identifying the problem: The first step involves identifying the ethical issue that needs to be addressed.
- Gathering information: This includes facts, data, and other relevant information that can help in understanding the problem better.
E.g.: Seeking advice from ethics committees, legal experts, or professional associations can be valuable in complex situations. - Identifying stakeholders: This includes individuals, groups, and organizations that are affected by the issue.
- Analysing options: This involves evaluating the pros and cons of each option to arrive at the most appropriate course of action.
- Choosing a course of action: This decision should be based on the analysis of the available options and should consider the interests of all stakeholders.
E.g.: A public administrator must assess whether the proposed resource allocation aligns with principles of equity and fairness and complies with relevant laws. - Implementing the decision: This involves communicating the decision to all stakeholders and taking the necessary steps to ensure that the decision is implemented effectively.
- Monitoring and evaluating: This involves reviewing the decision periodically to ensure that it is still relevant and effective, and making any necessary changes to ensure that the decision is still appropriate.
E.g.: Regularly assess whether the intended outcomes are being achieved, and be prepared to make adjustments if unforeseen ethical dilemmas or challenges arise.
6. What do each of the following quotations mean to you in the present context?
(a) âThe true rule, in determining to embrace, or reject anything, is not whether it has any evil in it; but whether it has more evil than good. There are few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of governmental policy, is an inseparable compound of the two; so that our best judgement of the preponderance between them is continually demanded. âAbraham Lincoln (150 words)
Determining balance between good and evil:
- Comprehensive Evaluation: Evaluate the overall impact: Consider the consequences and outcomes of embracing or rejecting something, taking into account both positive and negative aspects.
E.g.: Assessing the economic, social, and environmental effects of a proposed infrastructure project before deciding whether to proceed. - Complexity of Governmental Policy: Government decisions may have intended positive effects but also unintended negative consequences and analyse them.
E.g.: Implementing a tax policy to stimulate economic growth, which may benefit businesses but also widen income inequality. - Balancing Considerations: Examine the relative importance and magnitude of positive and negative aspects to determine the overall preponderance.
E.g.: Deciding on the appropriate balance between economic development and environmental preservation. - Ethical Decision-Making: Apply ethical principles: Consider ethical frameworks such as utilitarianism (maximizing overall well-being), deontology (upholding moral duties), or virtue ethics (promoting virtuous qualities).
E.g.: Balancing individual privacy rights with national security concerns when developing surveillance policies. - Pragmatic Approach: Recognize that finding the perfect solution without any negative consequences may be challenging, but strive to minimize harm and maximize benefits.
E.g.: Crafting public health policies that balance individual freedoms with measures to protect public safety during a pandemic.
How anger affect understanding?
- Impaired Rationality: Anger can cloud judgment and impair rational thinking, leading to impulsive reactions and biased perspectives.
E.g.: Anger hinders listening and considering other perspectives, hindering understanding. - Inhibited Empathy: Anger can inhibit empathy, preventing individuals from genuinely understanding and considering the emotions and experiences of others.
E.g.: It prevents empathetic thinking - Emotional decisions: Anger leads to an influenced, non-objective and emotional decision, which is not based on well thought outcomes which could be dangerous.
E.g.: In anger, mobs may lynch an innocent without knowing or verifying his crime.
- Lack of Empathy and Compassion: Intolerance leads to lack of understanding and consideration can hinder the ability to comprehend the experiences, challenges, and perspectives of others.
E.g.: Intolerance towards individuals of a different sexual orientation can prevent someone from limiting the opportunity. - Divisiveness and Stereotyping: Instead of seeking to understand the complexities of individuals or groups, intolerant individuals generalize based on limited or biased information.
E.g.: Intolerance towards immigrants can result in broad generalizations and fostering discrimination. - Cloud thinking: Intolerance makes a person blind to other opinions and narrow down a personâs thinking and judgement marred by biased views.
- Emotional intelligence: It is very necessary for a person in a position of authority and responsible for decision making to keep their negative emotions in check. It requires development of emotional intelligence.
- Sensitivity training: To manage emotions sensitivity training can be given to the individuals.
- Interaction: Encouraging sarva dharma sambhava by making people of diverse cultures to interact with each other.
- Meditation: Yoga and meditation techniques to control anger is a must in a way it gives one control over oneâs own mind.
6. (c) âFalsehood takes the place of truth when it results in unblemished common good.â _ Tirukkural (150 words)
Falsehood taking place of truth resulting unblemished common good:
The importance of truth
- Truth is an essential element of ethical decision-making, as it enables individuals to make informed decisions based on accurate information.
- Truth also promotes trust, accountability, and transparency in public and private institutions.
- Protective Deception: In wartime, military personnel may use strategic deception tactics to mislead the enemy and protect their troops to ensuring the safety and security of one's own forces.
- Alleviating Panic: In emergency situations, authorities may issue calming statements or withhold certain information temporarily to prevent widespread panic.
- Falsehood can undermine trust, accountability, and transparency, leading to a breakdown in social and political institutions.
- It can also have unintended consequences that can be harmful to individuals and society as a whole.
Ethical decision-making requires consideration of the values and principles that guide decision-making, as well as the potential consequences of any decision.
While it suggests that falsehood may be permissible under certain circumstances, the overall message underscores the significance of considering the common good and evaluating the consequences when navigating complex moral dilemmas.
SECTION B
The criteria to be a beneficiary are the following:
- 60 years of age or above.
- Belonging to a reserved community.
- Family income of less than 1 Lakh rupees per annum.
- Post-treatment prognosis is likely to be high to make a positive difference to the quality of life of the beneficiary.
How should Rakesh respond to the situation? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

Ethical dilemmas involved:
- Being Benevolent vs Being Objective
- Empathy vs Accountability
- Compassion vs Transparency
- Conscience vs Procedural intactness
However, Rakesh must follow the criteria laid down by the government for identifying beneficiaries under the health care scheme meant for senior citizens. If Rakesh bypasses criterion âbâ, it would be a violation of the scheme guidelines, and other eligible candidates belonging to reserved communities may be deprived of the benefit.
By following the above-stated course of action, it can be ensured that
- Rakesh is being objective in his decision-making and is not being favourable to the people with whom he has personal connections.
- He is duty-bound and is duly following the government procedure as established by the rules.
- He has explored the option with his seniors which can serve his conscience of making the right decision.
- He can try to find alternative sources of funding for the couple's incidental charges.
E.g.: Crowdfunding through online platforms. - He can also provide them with information about other government schemes or programmes that they may be eligible for.
E.g.: He can make them aware of platforms like âmyschemeâ. - Additionally, Rakesh can talk to the expert surgeon to see if any concessions can be made for the incidental charges.
By approaching the situation with empathy, seeking guidance, and exploring all possible avenues of assistance, Rakesh can make an informed decision that prioritizes the well-being of the elderly couple while adhering to the established criteria as much as possible.
Meanwhile, the Minister concerned insists that you realign the road in such a way that it comes closer to his 20 acres farmhouse. He also suggests that he would facilitate the purchase of a big plot of land in your wife’s name at the prevailing rate which is very nominal, in and around the proposed mega road project. He also tries to convince you by saying that there is no harm in it as he is buying the land legally. He even promises to supplement your savings in case you do not have sufficient funds to buy the land. However, by the act of realignment, a lot of agricultural lands has to be acquired, thereby causing a considerable financial burden on the government, and also the displacement of the farmers. As if this is not enough, it will involve cutting down of a large number of trees denuding the area of its green cover.
Faced with this situation, what will you do? Critically examine various conflicts of interest and explain what your responsibilities are as a public servant. (250 words)
As a public servant, my primary responsibility is to serve the public interest and act with integrity, impartiality, and honesty. In this situation, I am faced with various conflicts of interest that need to be critically examined before taking any action.
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

Conflict of interest involved
- Personal gain conflict: The Minister's insistence on realigning the road to benefit his personal property, as well as facilitating the purchase of land in the name of the officer's wife, demonstrates a conflict of interest driven by personal financial gain.
- Public interest conflict: The proposed road project was designed to minimize land acquisition from private parties, compensation costs, and deforestation, thereby serving the public interest. However, the Minister's request for realignment directly conflicts with the original project's objectives.
- Abuse of power conflict: The Minister, by leveraging his position and authority, is attempting to influence the officer to act in a manner that benefits his personal interests.
- Impartiality conflict: Granting special favours to the Minister, would create an unfair advantage and favouritism, undermining the principles of impartiality and fairness that public servants are expected to uphold.
- Upholding the public interest: The proposed road project was designed to minimize land acquisition from private parties and deforestation while maximizing the use of government land. Therefore, any changes made solely for personal gain would not align with the public interest.
- Avoiding corruption and undue influence: Public officials should never use their positions for personal gain or engage in activities that undermine the principles of fairness, equality, and meritocracy.
- Environmental sustainability: Altering the road alignment to accommodate personal interests would compromise the project's environmental goals and set a negative precedent for future infrastructure development.
- Economic considerations: As a public servant, I have a duty to ensure responsible and efficient use of public funds. Any unnecessary expenses resulting from personal interests would be detrimental to the public interest.
- Serving the public with impartiality: Granting special favours to the Minister would create an unfair advantage and undermine the trust of other citizens in the government's decision-making processes.
- Uphold Integrity: Refuse the Minister's request for realignment and land acquisition that primarily serves personal interests, emphasizing your commitment to the public interest, fairness, and ethical conduct.
- Report Misconduct: If the Minister persists in pressuring you to comply with their request or attempts to influence your decision through inappropriate means, report the misconduct to higher authorities, such as an independent ethics committee or ombudsman.
- Seek Legal Advice: Consult with legal advisors or senior officials within the Ministry to understand the legality and potential consequences of the Minister's actions. This will help you gather support and protect yourself from any undue influence or reprisals.
- Document Everything: Maintain a detailed record of all communications, requests, and actions related to this matter. This documentation can serve as evidence if an investigation or inquiry is initiated in the future.
- Advocate for Public Interest: Engage in discussions within the Ministry and with relevant stakeholders to emphasize the importance of prioritizing the public interest, fair compensation for affected parties, and environmental sustainability. Propose alternative solutions that minimize adverse impacts while achieving the project's objectives.
- Seek guidance and protection: I would consult with colleagues, mentors, or ethics advisors within the Ministry to seek guidance on how to handle the situation appropriately. Whistle-blower protection mechanisms, if available, should also be utilized to safeguard against any potential retaliation or victimization.
The approach till now had been to view it as a law and order problem and tackle it accordingly. Raids, arrest, police cases, and criminal trials â all these had only limited impact. The problem remains as serious as ever.
Your inspections show that the parts of the district where the distillation flourishes are economically, industrially and educationally backward. Agriculture is badly affected by poor irrigation facilities. Frequent clashes among communities gave boost to illicit distillation. No major initiatives had taken place in the past either from the governmentâs side or from social organizations to improve the lot of the people.
Which new approach will you adopt to bring the problem under control? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

As the Superintendent of Police of a district notorious for the illicit distillation of liquor, I would adopt a multi-faceted approach to address the problem. The approach would involve a combination of law enforcement measures, social initiatives, and economic development strategies.
- Firstly, I would intensify the enforcement efforts against illicit distillation by improving the intelligence gathering system, conducting targeted raids, and strengthening the prosecution process. I would also focus on seizing the assets of the illicit distillers and using the proceeds to fund development projects in the affected areas.
- Secondly, I would initiate social programs aimed at creating awareness about the harmful effects of illicit liquor consumption. Community-based initiatives, such as self-help groups and youth clubs, would be formed to provide counselling and support to individuals affected by alcoholism.
- Thirdly, I would work with the local government and other stakeholders to address the underlying socio-economic issues that drive the illicit distillation. This would involve improving access to education, healthcare, and basic amenities such as water and sanitation. The government could also explore options for developing alternative livelihoods, such as promoting eco-tourism and agro-based industries.
- Promoting Gandhian values right from the school and passing on these values to the household can be helpful in promoting teetotalism in our society.
- Implement rehabilitation programs for individuals involved in illicit distillation, providing them with opportunities for skill development, counselling, and reintegration into society.
Overall, my approach would be to adopt a holistic and integrated approach to tackle the problem of illicit distillation. It would not only address the law-and-order aspect but also focus on social and economic development, thereby creating a sustainable solution to the problem.
The unit was set up 10 years ago and was in full swing till recently. The pollution caused by the industrial effluents was affecting the land, water and crops in the area. It was also causing serious health problems to human beings and animals. This gave rise to a series of agitation thousands of people took part, creating a law and order problem necessitating stern police action. Following the public outcry, the State government ordered the closure of the factory.
The closure of the factory resulted in the unemployment of not only those workers who were engaged in the factory but also those who were working in the ancillary units. It also very badly affected those industries which depended on the chemicals manufactured by it.
As a senior officer entrusted with the responsibility of handling this issue, how are you going to address it? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

As a senior officer entrusted with the responsibility of handling the issue of the closure of the industrial chemical unit, my first priority would be to ensure that the negative impacts of the pollution caused by the unit are addressed and the affected land, water, crops, and human beings and animals are restored to health.
- This could start by conducting a comprehensive assessment of the environmental damage caused by the factory's operations.
- Then involve environmental agencies to create a plan for remediation and rehabilitation of the affected area.
- I would also work with the state government to ensure that those who have suffered as a result of the pollution are compensated for their losses.
- In addition, I would work with the corporate house to explore alternative options for industrial development that are more environmentally sustainable and do not have such negative impacts on the community.
- This could involve investing in new technologies, exploring alternative production methods or relocating the unit to a more suitable location. The focus should be on developing industries that are both profitable and socially responsible.
- Establish medical camps and healthcare facilities to provide immediate assistance and treatment to those affected by health problems caused by the pollution.
- Collaborate with healthcare professionals and organizations to conduct health screenings, awareness campaigns, and long-term monitoring of the affected population.
- Advocate for the implementation of stricter regulations and monitoring systems to prevent similar health hazards in the future.
- work with the local government and other stakeholders to create new employment opportunities for the workers who lost their jobs as a result of the closure of the unit.
- This could involve creating new training programs to help them acquire skills needed for other industries.
- Collaborate with local and regional industries to create job opportunities and promote entrepreneurship in the affected area.
- Assess the impact on ancillary industries that relied on the chemicals manufactured by the factory.
- Provide financial and technical support to affected businesses to diversify their product range or explore new markets.
- Facilitate networking and collaboration among affected industries to encourage joint ventures and business partnerships.
The closure of the chemical factory due to environmental and health concerns emphasizes the significance of rigorous scrutiny before allowing such industries to operate. Balancing industrial growth with sustainable practices and responsible decision-making is essential to avoid detrimental effects on communities and prevent abrupt closures that result in unemployment and economic hardships. By prioritizing proper scrutiny and analyzing the consequences, governments can foster sustainable development while safeguarding the well-being of both people and the environment.
You are heading the tax investigation agency of that region. During an inspection of the doctorâs clinic, your officers have found out some major irregularities. A few of them are substantial which had resulted in considerable withholding of tax that should be paid by him now. The doctor is cooperative. He undertakes to pay the tax immediately.
However, there are certain other deficiencies in his tax compliance which are purely technical in nature. If these technical defaults are pursued by the agency, considerable time and energy of the doctor will be diverted to issues which are not so serious, urgent or even helpful to the tax collection process. Further, in all probability, it will hamper the prospects of the hospital coming up.
There are two options before you:
1) Taking a broader view, ensure substantial tax compliance and ignore defaults that are merely technical in nature.
2) Pursue the matter strictly and proceed on all fronts, whether substantial or merely technical.
As the head of the tax agency, which course of action will you opt and why? (250 words)
Stakeholders involved in this case are:

In this situation, I would opt for the first course of action, that is, taking a broader view and ensuring substantial tax compliance while ignoring the technical defaults.
- Consider the Greater Benefit: Evaluate the broader societal impact of establishing a super-speciality hospital in the neglected region. Recognize the potential benefits it will bring, including improved healthcare access and development opportunities. This perspective emphasizes the greater public interest over strictly pursuing technical tax defaults.
- Efficient Resource Allocation: Acknowledge that pursuing technical defaults will divert significant time, energy, and resources of both the tax agency and the doctor. Consider the opportunity cost of focusing on these minor issues instead of effectively collecting substantial tax dues.
- Encouraging Voluntary Compliance: Appreciate the doctor's cooperation and willingness to rectify the substantial tax irregularities promptly. Prioritize fostering a positive compliance culture and encouraging voluntary tax payments to ensure fairness in the tax system.
- Supporting Economic Development: Recognize that the successful establishment of the super-speciality hospital will have a positive economic impact, generating employment opportunities, attracting investments, and improving the region's overall development. Focusing on technical defaults may hamper these prospects.
- Balanced Approach: Strike a balance by addressing the substantial tax irregularities through appropriate legal measures while minimizing the burden of unnecessary technical compliance. This approach ensures compliance without unduly hindering the doctor's efforts to establish the hospital.
This approach would ensure that tax compliance is adhered to, while also ensuring that the hospital comes up, which would be a boon for the region. It would also send a positive message to taxpayers that the tax agency is willing to take a broader view and work towards a common goal of development while ensuring substantial tax compliance. This would also be in line with the Central governmentâs vision of Transparent taxationâ Honoring the honest.
12. Edward Snowden, a computer expert and former CIA administrator, released confidential Government documents to the press about the existence of Government surveillance programmes. According to many legal experts and the US Government, his action violated the Espionage act of 1971, which identified the leak of State secret as an act of treason. Yet, despite the fact that he broke the law, Snowden argued that he had a moral obligation to act. He gave a justification for his âwhistle blowingâ by stating that he had a duty âto inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them.â
According to Snowden, the Governmentâs violation of privacy had to be exposed regardless of legality since more substantive issues of social action and public morality were involved here. Many agreed with Snowden. Few argued that he broke the law and compromised national security, for which he should be held accountable.
Do you agree that Snowdenâs actions were ethically justified even if legally prohibited? Why or why not? Make an argument by weighing the competing values in this case (250 words )
Arguments in favour of Snowden's actions being ethically justified
- Whistleblower Duty: Snowden believed he had a moral obligation to inform the public about the extent of government surveillance programs and the violation of privacy rights. Whistle blowing is often seen as an act of conscience to expose wrongdoing and protect the public interest.
- Government Transparency: Snowden's actions shed light on the scope and implications of government surveillance, sparking a global debate on privacy and civil liberties. Transparency and accountability are fundamental principles in a democratic society.
- Public Interest: By revealing the existence of government surveillance programs, Snowden aimed to protect the public's right to privacy and prompt a discussion on the balance between security and civil liberties. This can be seen as acting in the best interest of the general public.
- Violation of the Law: Snowden knowingly leaked classified information, which is considered a violation of the Espionage Act and a breach of his contractual obligations. Breaking the law undermines the rule of law and can have serious consequences for national security.
- National Security: Critics argue that Snowden's actions compromised national security by revealing sensitive intelligence operations and methods. Protecting national security is crucial to safeguarding citizens and maintaining stability in the face of potential threats.
- Legal Channels: Some argue that Snowden should have pursued legal channels to address his concerns, such as reporting to appropriate authorities or utilizing internal mechanisms within the intelligence community. Acting outside the legal framework undermines the established processes for addressing grievances.
The ethical justification ultimately depends on one's perspective, values, and the weight given to individual conscience versus the rule of law and national security.