Social Justice
UPSC Syllabus for Social Justice
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
Development processes and the development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector or Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
2022
1) Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (250 words)
Inflation and unemployment can significantly impact the living standards of vulnerable populations, eroding their purchasing power and limiting their access to basic necessities.
Importance of Managing Inflation to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections
Importance of Managing Inflation to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections
- Impact on Cost of Living: High inflation leads to an increase in the cost of living, particularly affecting essential goods and services like food, healthcare, and housing. As the poor spend a significant portion of their income on these necessities, inflation can push them deeper into poverty.
- Income Erosion: Inflation erodes the real value of wages, which disproportionately affects low-income and informal sector workers. This can exacerbate income inequality and lead to a decline in the standard of living for the poor.
- Fiscal Management: Inflation can strain government finances as it increases the cost of administering welfare programs. Effective inflation management is crucial to maintain the purchasing power of social safety nets, ensuring they effectively serve the targeted population.
- Poverty Alleviation: High unemployment rates can hinder poverty alleviation efforts as joblessness leads to a lack of income opportunities, making it difficult for the poor to break free from the poverty trap.
- Social Unrest: Persistent unemployment can lead to social unrest and dissatisfaction, posing challenges to the social fabric and stability of the nation.
- Inflation and Targeted Subsidies: Proper inflation management is essential to ensure the effectiveness of targeted subsidies and welfare programs. Inflation can erode the value of subsidies, impacting their intended beneficiaries.
- Employment and Economic Development: Employment generation through effective unemployment management not only reduces poverty but also boosts economic development, providing the necessary resources for funding welfare schemes.
- Sustainable Welfare Spending: Managing inflation and unemployment enables the government to maintain sustainable welfare spending without creating excessive fiscal deficits.
2) Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer. (250 words)
Increasing dependence on donor agencies for development can indeed reduce the importance of community participation in the development process. While donor agencies can bring valuable financial resources and technical expertise to support development initiatives, overreliance on external funding can potentially undermine local ownership, community engagement, and long-term sustainability of development efforts.
Increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process
Increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process
- Agenda Setting and Priorities: When donor agencies heavily influence the funding and project selection process, the development agenda may be shaped according to their priorities rather than the genuine needs and aspirations
- Limited Local Control and Decision-Making: Development initiatives may be imposed on communities from outside, leading to reduced ownership, commitment, and sense of responsibility among community members.
- Short-Term Focus: Donor funding is often time-bound and project-specific. This can create a short-term focus on achieving immediate results, which may not align with the long-term development needs and sustainable solutions desired by the community.
- Weakening Local Capacities: Relying heavily on external funding and expertise may lead to the neglect of local capacities, knowledge, and skills.
- Volatility and Uncertainty: Reliance on donor agencies exposes development efforts to fluctuations in international aid priorities, political changes, and economic conditions. This volatility can disrupt the continuity and effectiveness of development programs.
- Reduced Accountability and Transparency: Excessive dependence on donor funding can sometimes lead to weakened accountability and transparency in the development process.
- Capacity building: Donor agencies can play a crucial role in providing technical expertise, resources, and capacity-building opportunities for local communities.
- Leveraging resources: Many developing communities face resource constraints, and donor agencies can bridge the gap by providing essential funding and infrastructure.
- Monitoring and accountability: Donor agencies often require rigorous monitoring and evaluation of development projects. This can promote transparency and accountability
3) The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (250 words)
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (commonly known as the RTE Act) is a landmark legislation in India aimed at ensuring that every child between the ages of 6 and 14 years receives free and compulsory education.
RTE 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education
RTE 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education
- Focus on Access, but Limited on Quality: Primarily emphasizes providing access to education for all children, with a focus on enrolling them in schools. But it failed to ensure the quality of education and incentivizing children to stay in school and actively participate in learning.
- Absence of Awareness Campaigns: Lack of awareness may result in parents not fully understanding the long-term benefits of educating their children, leading to lower levels of motivation and incentive for enrolment and consistent attendance.
- Limited Community Engagement: It does not emphasize community engagement and involvement in the education process. Building a strong connection between schools, parents, and the community is crucial for promoting a conducive learning environment and encouraging children to attend school regularly.
- Insufficient Focus on Incentives: It does not place significant emphasis on creating a robust incentive-based system to encourage children to attend and stay in school. Incentives can include scholarships, mid-day meals, transportation facilities, and rewards for academic achievements, which can motivate children and parents to value education.
- Quality of Infrastructure and Teachers: The Act does not address the overall quality of education infrastructure and the qualifications and training of teachers in creating a positive learning environment that incentivizes children to actively engage in the learning process.
- Mid-day meals: Many states offer mid-day meals to children attending government schools, which not only act as an incentive but also address the issue of malnutrition, thereby increasing attendance and retention rates.
- Scholarships and stipends: Some states have introduced scholarships and financial incentives for economically disadvantaged students to help them cover education-related expenses and discourage dropouts.
- Parent-teacher interactions: Regular parent-teacher meetings can be utilized to discuss the benefits of education, monitor students' progress, and address any issues that may hinder children's attendance.
2021
4) “Besides being a moral imperative of Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary pre-condition for sustainable development.” Analyse. (150 words)
Directive principles of State policy in Part IV of the Constitution aim to establish India as a Welfare State, the Article 47 directs the state to work for public health.
Primary health structure is a necessary pre-condition for sustainable development
Primary health structure is a necessary pre-condition for sustainable development
- Improved health outcomes: A strong primary health structure provides preventive and curative care, reducing morbidity and mortality rates, and improving overall health outcomes. Healthy individuals can contribute better to economic growth and development.
- Improved productivity: Access to quality healthcare leads to increased productivity, as people are less likely to fall sick and miss work. This, in turn, leads to improved economic growth and development.
- Reduced healthcare costs: A strong primary health structure can reduce the burden on secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities, leading to reduced healthcare costs. This can help to free up resources for other developmental activities.
- Social and gender equity: A robust primary health structure can help to promote social and gender equity by providing equal access to healthcare services for all sections of society, including women, children, and vulnerable populations.
- Increased Funding: Allocate higher budgetary resources to the primary health sector to strengthen infrastructure, recruit and retain skilled healthcare professionals, and procure essential medical equipment and supplies.
- Health Workforce Development: Invest in training and capacity building of healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses, and paramedical staff, to enhance their skills and knowledge and ensure better patient care.
- Telemedicine and Technology Integration: Integrate technology, telemedicine, and digital health platforms to reach remote areas, provide consultations, and improve health information systems for better monitoring and management of health programs.
- Health Education and Awareness: Implement health awareness campaigns to educate communities about preventive healthcare practices, hygiene, sanitation, and the importance of regular health check-ups.
5) “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment (150 words)
The 'Earn while you learn' scheme is a model that enables students to gain practical experience while pursuing their studies. This scheme is particularly relevant to vocational education and skill training as it allows students to acquire skills and work experience, making their education more meaningful and relevant to the job market.
Need of strengthening “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme to make vocational education and skill training meaningful
Need of strengthening “‘Earn while you learn’ scheme to make vocational education and skill training meaningful
- Industry Collaboration: Collaboration with industry partners can enable students to gain practical experience that is relevant to the job market. Industry partners can provide internships, apprenticeships, and on-the-job training opportunities that can complement the theoretical education provided in the classroom.
- Recognition of Prior Learning: Many students in vocational education and skill training have prior work experience or informal learning that is not recognized. Recognizing prior learning can enable students to earn credits towards their qualifications, reducing the time and cost of their education.
- Entrepreneurship Development: The 'Earn while you learn' scheme can also be used to promote entrepreneurship development. Students can gain practical experience by starting their own ventures while pursuing their studies, preparing them for a career as entrepreneurs.
- Incentives for Employers: Employers can be incentivized to provide work experience opportunities to students by providing tax breaks or other benefits. This can encourage employers to participate in the 'Earn while you learn' scheme and provide students with valuable work experience.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with private companies and NGOs to expand the reach and impact of the "Earn while you learn" scheme.
- Networking Opportunities: Organize networking events and workshops where students can interact with professionals from various industries. Such events can facilitate valuable connections and potential job opportunities for students.
- Internship Placement Support: Set up dedicated placement cells or services within educational institutions to connect students with suitable internship and part-time job opportunities.
- Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster stronger ties between educational institutions and industries to create more internship and part-time job opportunities for students.
6) Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through micro financing of women SHGs? Explain with examples (150 words)
The Indian Constitution, being a federal structure, also exhibits certain centralizing tendencies. This can be observed in the legislative framework surrounding critical issues like public health, disaster management, and agriculture.
Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
Indian Constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation
Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897
- Public health falls under the state list in the Indian Constitution; this act grants the central government the authority to take extraordinary measures during an epidemic outbreak that threatens public health and safety.
- It allows the central government to prescribe regulations for the inspection of persons travelling by land or water and to segregate individuals suspected to be carriers of the disease.
- Disaster management is also within the purview of the state list.
- This act establishes the National Disaster Management Authority at the central level and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMA) at the state level.
- The NDMA has the responsibility to lay down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management and coordinate with the SDMAs for a comprehensive approach.
- The recently union government passed Farm Acts, which include the Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020, and the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020, also exhibit centralizing tendencies.
- Agriculture, like public health and disaster management, is primarily a state subject in the Indian Constitution.
- These acts introduce provisions that enable farmers to engage in intra-state and inter-state trade of agricultural produce without the restrictions of traditional agricultural markets.
7) Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, couple with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification. (250 words)
Digital literacy and accessibility to information and communication technology (ICT) have become crucial determinants of socio-economic development in today's world. In India, while there has been significant progress in the ICT sector, particularly in urban areas, rural areas continue to lag behind. This digital divide between rural and urban areas has resulted in hindrances to socio-economic development in rural areas.
Digital illiteracy and lack of ICT accessibility hindered socio economic development
Digital illiteracy and lack of ICT accessibility hindered socio economic development
- Limited Access to Information and Opportunities: Restrict people's ability to access relevant information, market opportunities, and government services. This hampers their chances of exploring new economic prospects, accessing educational resources, and making informed decisions, ultimately impeding socio-economic development.
- Unequal Access to Development Opportunities: Deprives rural populations of opportunities for skill development, job prospects, and entrepreneurial ventures.
- Constraints in Education and Skill Development: Hinders the use of e-learning platforms and online resources for education and skill development in rural areas.
- Hindrance in Accessing Financial Services: It makes challenging for rural populations to access formal financial services, such as digital banking and mobile money. This restricts their access to credit, savings, and insurance facilities.
- Impacts on Healthcare and Health Services: Challenges in accessing telemedicine services, health-related information, and online health resources, potentially affecting the well-being of rural communities.
- Limited Participation in Digital Economy: E-commerce, digital marketing, and other online opportunities remain inaccessible, hindering rural businesses' growth potential and competitiveness.
- Reduced Efficiency and Governance: Lack of ICT accessibility and digital literacy can lead to inefficiencies in government services, making it difficult for rural populations to access public welfare programs, agricultural information, and other essential services that promote socio-economic development.
8) “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (250 words)
Indira Gandhi, Kalpana Chawla, Arunima Sinha, Mithali Raj and Mary Kom are some of the few Indian women excelled in various fields in post-independence period. India has seen significant progress in women’s empowerment since independence, but patriarchal attitudes towards women and feminist movements persist.
Role of women education and women empowerment schemes in changing patriarchy
Role of women education and women empowerment schemes in changing patriarchy
- Breaking the Cycle of Discrimination: Women's education helps challenge patriarchal norms by breaking the cycle of discrimination against girls and women.
- Economic Independence: Empowering women economically through skill development and income-generating opportunities allows them to become financially independent.
- Transforming Gender Roles: Empowerment schemes encourage men and women to question and challenge traditional gender roles.
- Political Participation: Empowering women to participate in politics and governance challenges the patriarchal structure within political spheres.
- Strengthening legal provisions: There is a need to strengthen the legal provisions, simplify the legal procedures, and provide speedy justice to women. Additionally, laws need to be enforced rigorously.
E.g.: domestic violence act 2005 - Increasing women’s representation: Increasing their representation at all levels of governance, including the Panchayati Raj institutions, can help ensure that their voices are heard, and their concerns are taken into account.
E.g.: by passing Women’s Reservation Bill proposes to reserve 33% of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for women - Creating awareness: There is a need to create awareness and sensitize people about women’s issues. This can be done through various media, including radio, television, and social media.
E.g.: “meri beti meri abhiman” like campaigns - Men as agents of change: need to involve men in the process of women’s empowerment and gender sensitization.
- Addressing economic disparities: Economic disparities between men and women need to be addressed. Women should be given equal opportunities to participate in the economy, including access to finance, education, and skills development.
- Changing cultural norms: There is a need to challenge patriarchal cultural norms that reinforce gender inequality. This can be done through various mediums, including education, media, and community engagement programs.
9) Can Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen. Discuss the challenges of this alternative model. (250 words)
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) often work alongside or independently of government agencies, focusing on community needs and social welfare. They can complement government efforts and address gaps in public service delivery, particularly in areas where the government may face limitations or resource constraints.
Civil Society and NGO present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen
Civil Society and NGO present an alternative model of public service delivery to benefit the common citizen
- Direct engagement with local communities.
E.g.: Akshaya patra foundation - Design and implement more context-specific and people-centric interventions.
E.g.: goonj working particularly in making of sanitary pad - Convenience to experiment with new ideas.
E.g.: Help age India helping old age people - Mobilizing communities to demand better public services from the government.
E.g.: Swadesh foundation along with Maharashtra govt. In eliminating Anaemia - Collaborative to create more comprehensive and effective solutions for public service delivery.
- Provide emergency response and relief during disasters and crises.
E.g.: NGOs in Kerala during Kerala flood
- Resource Constraints: CSOs and NGOs often rely on grants, donations, and philanthropy for funding, which can be uncertain and limited, hindering their scalability and sustainability.
- Legitimacy and Accountability: As independent entities, some CSOs and NGOs may face challenges in demonstrating accountability and transparency in their operations, leading to concerns about their legitimacy.
- Coordination and Duplication: In some cases, multiple CSOs and NGOs may work on similar issues, leading to duplication of efforts and lack of coordination, which can be inefficient and may not achieve the desired impact.
- Capacity Building: Building and maintaining organizational capacity and expertise can be challenging for smaller and newer organizations, affecting their effectiveness in service delivery.
- Government Cooperation: Some governments may view CSOs and NGOs as competitors or may be reluctant to collaborate, leading to challenges in working together for better service delivery.
- Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of projects and interventions can be difficult, particularly when funding sources are uncertain or short-term.
- Limited Scope: While CSOs and NGOs can address specific issues effectively, they may not have the capacity or mandate to undertake comprehensive systemic changes required for broader public service reforms.
2020
10) In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (150 words)
Enhancing social development requires sound and adequate healthcare policies, with a particular focus on geriatric and maternal healthcare. Both these areas are crucial as they address the health needs of vulnerable and significant sections of the population – the elderly and expectant mothers.
Geriatric Healthcare to enhance the prospects of social development
Geriatric healthcare focuses on the health and well-being of the elderly population. Adequate healthcare policies for the elderly can have several positive impacts
Maternal healthcare policies are essential to ensure the health and well-being of expectant mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Focusing on maternal health has far-reaching implications for social development:
Geriatric Healthcare to enhance the prospects of social development
Geriatric healthcare focuses on the health and well-being of the elderly population. Adequate healthcare policies for the elderly can have several positive impacts
- Enhances the overall health and well-being of the elderly people
- Reduces their isolation and loneliness, contributing to enhanced social development.
- Increase the productivity and longevity of the elderly population, enabling them to contribute actively to society.
- Reduce the burden on healthcare systems and families, leading to economic benefits for society.
Maternal healthcare policies are essential to ensure the health and well-being of expectant mothers during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Focusing on maternal health has far-reaching implications for social development:
- Safe Motherhood: Adequate maternal healthcare policies provide access to skilled care during pregnancy and childbirth, reducing maternal mortality rates and ensuring safe motherhood.
- Child Health and Development: Maternal health directly impacts child health and development. Ensuring the well-being of expectant mothers translates into better health outcomes for infants, contributing to future social development.
- Gender Equality: Maternal healthcare policies play a crucial role in promoting gender equality by addressing the specific health needs of women during pregnancy and childbirth.
- Family Well-being: Healthy mothers contribute to family well-being and the overall stability of communities.
- Workforce Productivity: Ensuring maternal health allows women to participate fully in the workforce, contributing to economic productivity and social development.
- Demographic Transition: Adequate maternal healthcare policies are vital in achieving demographic transition by promoting family planning and reproductive health.
11) “The incidence and intensity of poverty are more important in determining poverty based on income alone”. In this context analyse the latest United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index Report. (250 words)
The United Nations Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report 2021 provides a comprehensive analysis of poverty levels and trends across 107 countries.
Basics of the Report
The report indicates that almost half of the world's population living in multidimensional poverty belongs to just five countries, including India.
Basics of the Report
- Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon that extends beyond income and consumption measures.
- The report identifies the incidence and intensity of poverty as critical determinants of poverty, along with deprivations in health, education, and living standards.
The report indicates that almost half of the world's population living in multidimensional poverty belongs to just five countries, including India.
- Significant reduction: India has made significant progress in reducing poverty in recent years, with the multidimensional poverty rate declining from 55% to 28% between 2005-06 and 2015-16.
- High Absolute Numbers: The report points out that India still has the largest number of people living in multidimensional poverty, with an estimated 364 million people in poverty in 2019.
- Need for rural intervention: The MPI report also indicates that poverty is disproportionately concentrated in rural areas, with almost two-thirds of people living in multidimensional poverty residing in rural areas. This indicates the need for policy interventions that target rural areas to alleviate poverty.
- Understanding the Magnitude of Poverty: It helps identify the percentage of people affected by poverty in a given area or country. And takes into account how far below the poverty line people are, reflecting the gap between their income (or consumption) and the poverty threshold.
- Identifying Vulnerable Populations: allows policymakers to identify regions or groups with a high concentration of poverty.
- Evaluating Poverty Alleviation Programs: Tracking changes in the intensity of poverty helps evaluate the impact of interventions on improving the well-being of the poorest individuals and households.
- Monitoring Progress and Target Setting: Tracking changes in the incidence of poverty helps set targets for reducing the overall poverty rate and serves as a critical indicator of progress in poverty reduction efforts
12) “Micro-Finance as an anti-poverty vaccine, is aimed at asset creation and income security of the rural poor in India”. Evaluate the role of the Self-Help Groups in achieving the twin objectives along with empowering women in rural India. (250 words)
Microfinance, particularly through Self Help Groups (SHGs), has been recognized as an effective tool for poverty alleviation in rural India. The SHG model is aimed at asset creation, income security, and empowerment of the rural poor, with a specific focus on women empowerment.
Role of Self-Help Groups
On Asset Creation
Role of Self-Help Groups
On Asset Creation
- SHGs promote asset creation among rural communities by encouraging members to save regularly and access credit for productive activities.
- These groups provide small loans to their members, allowing them to invest in income-generating activities such as agriculture, livestock, small businesses, and handicrafts.
- As a result, the rural poor can acquire productive assets, which not only uplift their economic status but also increase their resilience to financial shocks.
- By facilitating access to credit and financial services, SHGs enhance the income security of their members.
- The additional income generated from productive activities improves the livelihoods of the rural poor, reducing their dependence on uncertain and irregular sources of income.
- This, in turn, contributes to poverty reduction and greater economic stability among the targeted communities.
- SHGs are predominantly women-centric, and through these groups, women gain financial literacy, decision-making skills, and increased social capital.
- They actively participate in group discussions, manage finances, and take collective decisions, thereby challenging traditional gender roles and empowering themselves economically and socially.
- Their collective strength enables them to negotiate better terms with traders and lenders, leading to improved bargaining power and access to resources.
- Promotion of financial inclusion enhances the saving habits of SHG members make them creditworthy, which increases their access to formal credit facilities from banks.
13) National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (250 words)
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aims to revamp and restructure the education system in the country. It is indeed aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) of the United Nations, which focuses on ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all by 2030.
NEP 2020 in restructuring and reorienting education system in India
NEP 2020 in restructuring and reorienting education system in India
- Emphasis on Holistic Development: Recognizes the importance of holistic development, promoting the cognitive, emotional, and physical growth of students. Encourages a multidisciplinary and flexible approach to learning, focusing on critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills.
- Restructuring the Curriculum: Aims to make it more learner-centric and relevant to real-life situations. Aims to reduce the burden of rote learning and promote experiential learning, fostering a deeper understanding of concepts and enhancing the overall quality of education.
- Vocational and Skill Development: Emphasizes the integration of vocational and skill development in the education system, enabling students to acquire practical skills and employability
- Technology Integration: Advocates for the integration of technology in education to enhance accessibility, improve learning outcomes, and bridge the digital divide
- Resource Allocation: Adequate funding and resource allocation are crucial to ensure that all proposed changes and reforms are put into practice.
- Capacity Building: The capacity building of teachers, administrators, and education institutions is vital for the successful execution of the policy.
- Political Will and Coordination: The policy's success depends on political will and coordination between various stakeholders, including central and state governments, educational institutions, and civil society organizations.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: A robust monitoring and evaluation mechanism is essential to track the policy's impact and identify areas that require improvement.
2019
14) Despite consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive. (150 words)
Inclusive growth is economic growth that is distributed fairly across society and creates opportunities for all. The latest HDI reading released by UNDP ranked India at 132 out of 188 countries. Indeed, India's rank has not improved over the last two decades and declined by one place in 2022 which shows economic growth is not well translated to HDI.
Issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive
Issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive
- Income Inequality: The benefits of growth have not been equitably distributed, leading to a concentration of wealth in few hands, leaving a large section of the population deprived.
- Regional Disparities: States and districts with higher economic opportunities have experienced faster progress, while others, especially those in rural and remote areas, lag behind in terms of infrastructure, education, and healthcare facilities.
- Education Gap: Despite improvements in education access, the quality of education remains a concern. There is also a lack of emphasis on skill development and vocational training, leading to a mismatch in the job market.
- Healthcare Challenges: Inadequate access to quality healthcare facilities, especially in rural areas, along with high out-of-pocket expenses, restricts the healthcare access of the vulnerable population.
- Employment and Informal Sector: Job creation has not kept pace with the growing working-age population, leading to underemployment and reliance on the informal sector, which often lacks job security.
- Agriculture Distress: The agricultural sector, employing a substantial portion of the population, faces challenges like low productivity, lack of access to credit, and vulnerability to climate change, impacting rural livelihoods.
- Gender Inequality: Women face numerous challenges in terms of education, health, and economic opportunities, limiting their full potential.
- Environmental Concerns: Rapid economic growth has led to environmental degradation and pollution, affecting the health and well-being of communities, especially those in vulnerable ecosystems.
- Governance and Corruption: Inefficient governance, corruption, and bureaucratic hurdles can hinder the effective implementation of developmental policies and programs, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
- Infrastructure Gaps: Insufficient investment in infrastructure, particularly in areas like transportation, electricity, and sanitation, limits access to basic services and impedes economic development.
15) There is a growing divergence in the relationship between poverty and hunger in India. The shrinking of social expenditure by the government is forcing the poor to spend more on non-food essential items squeezing their food-budget – Elucidate. (150 words)
The 2022 Global Hunger Index ranked India 107th out of 121 countries. The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2019-21 shows that a considerable proportion of young children in India face food insecurity, which raises concerns about their development and future well-being.
The shrinking of social expenditure by the government has significant implications for the poor, leading to a vicious cycle of increased expenditure on non-food essential items and a squeezed food budget.
Factors responsible for squeezing food budget along with low govt spending
The shrinking of social expenditure by the government has significant implications for the poor, leading to a vicious cycle of increased expenditure on non-food essential items and a squeezed food budget.
Factors responsible for squeezing food budget along with low govt spending
- Reduced Access to Subsidized Goods: With reduced social expenditure, the availability of subsidized goods, such as food through PDS, might decline. As a result, the poor are compelled to purchase these items at market rates.
- Higher Out-of-Pocket Expenses: A reduction in government spending on healthcare, left poor with no choice but to spend more on private services, which are often costlier, leaving them with less disposable income for food.
- Impact on Nutrition and Health: When social expenditure decreases, nutritional support programs and health services suffer, affecting the well-being of the poor. Poor nutrition and health conditions can lead to decreased productivity and increased healthcare expenses, further straining their budgets.
- Limited Employment and Wage Growth: With reduced social expenditure, employment generation and wage growth may not be adequately supported. This restricts the ability of the poor to increase their income and results in a higher proportion of their earnings being allocated to non-food essential items.
- Education and Skill Development: Reduced spending on education and skill development hinders the capacity of the poor to access better job opportunities. This limits their potential to increase their earnings and afford essential items, including food.
16) ‘In the context of neo-liberal paradigm of developmental planning, multi-level planning is expected to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages’ Discuss (250 words)
The neo-liberal paradigm of development planning stresses on the importance of market-oriented policies, privatization, and deregulation of the economy. In such a context, multi-level planning is seen as an effective tool to make operations cost-effective and remove many implementation blockages.
Multi-level planning
It refers to planning at different levels of government, such as national, state, and local levels, and involves decentralization of decision-making powers to the lowest possible level.
Role of Multi-level planning in Liberal Era
Multi-level planning
It refers to planning at different levels of government, such as national, state, and local levels, and involves decentralization of decision-making powers to the lowest possible level.
Role of Multi-level planning in Liberal Era
- Greater Participation: The idea behind multi-level planning is to allow for greater participation of people in the planning process and to promote accountability and transparency in decision-making.
- Promote Competition: In the context of neo-liberalism, multi-level planning is expected to promote competition among different levels of government and encourage innovation and efficiency in the delivery of services.
- Cost effective: It is also seen as a means to reduce the cost of service delivery and improve the quality of public services.
- Customized Development: It recognizes the diverse socio-economic, cultural, and geographical variations across states and localities, enabling tailored interventions for each area.
- Better Targeting of Resources: Multilevel planning enhances the targeting of resources and allocation of funds based on the priorities and needs of different regions. This ensures that resources are utilized efficiently and equitably, benefiting marginalized and underserved communities.
- Faster Implementation: Local authorities can respond quickly to emerging challenges and opportunities, leading to a more agile and responsive governance system.
- Effective Service Delivery: Aligns policies and programs with the specific requirements of the local population. This leads to improved access to basic services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
- Empowerment of Local Governments: Decentralization empowers local governments and promotes democratic governance at the grassroots level.
- Conflict Resolution: Provides a platform for resolving conflicts and disagreements that may arise between different levels of government. It encourages dialogue and cooperation, fostering harmonious governance.
- Divergent Policy Objectives: Different levels of government may have varying policy objectives and priorities, especially when liberalization emphasizes market-driven approaches.
- Reduced Fiscal Autonomy: Liberalization may lead to a reduction in the financial resources available to lower levels of government.
- Private Sector Dominance: The liberal era encourages increased private sector participation in various sectors, which can lead to an overemphasis on market-driven solutions.
- Short-term Focus: Liberalization often emphasizes quick and tangible results, which might not align with the long-term planning needs required for sustainable development.
17) Performance of welfare schemes that are implemented for vulnerable sections is not so effective due to absence of their awareness and active involvement at all stages of policy process. Discuss (250 words)
Welfare schemes are introduced to provide benefits to the vulnerable sections of society, such as the elderly, disabled, women, and children, among others. However, the performance of these schemes has often been found to be suboptimal due to the absence of awareness and active involvement of these sections in the policy process.
Performance of welfare schemes due to low awareness and lack of active involvement
Performance of welfare schemes due to low awareness and lack of active involvement
- Limited Reach and Targeting: Result in poor targeting and exclusion of deserving individuals, leading to the schemes not reaching those who need them the most.
- Inadequate Demand and Uptake: Even if the schemes are well-designed, if the target population is not aware of their benefits or how to access them, the impact remains limited.
- Low Utilization of Services: Even when beneficiaries are aware of the schemes, they may not fully utilize the available services due to a lack of understanding or misconceptions about the benefits offered.
- Reduced Accountability: Absence of their participation may lead to limited scrutiny and monitoring of the scheme's implementation, allowing for potential leakages and inefficiencies.
- Feedback and Continuous Improvement: Beneficiary involvement is crucial for obtaining feedback on the effectiveness of welfare schemes. Absence of their active participation can hinder the process of continuous improvement and necessary course corrections.
- Empowerment and Ownership: When beneficiaries are actively involved in the policy process, it fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment. Their participation can lead to more sustainable and locally relevant solutions to the challenges they face.
- Awareness Campaigns: Conduct extensive and targeted awareness campaigns about the welfare schemes through various media channels, including television, radio, social media, and community gatherings.
- Engaging Frontline Workers: Train and involve frontline workers, such as ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists), Anganwadi workers, and community health workers, to actively disseminate information about welfare schemes
- Use of Technology: Leverage technology, such as mobile apps or SMS alerts, to reach out to beneficiaries and provide updates about the welfare schemes.
- Partnerships with NGOs and Civil Society: Collaborate with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups to support the implementation and monitoring of welfare schemes.
2018
18) Appropriate local community level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (150 words)
The United Nations defines Health for All (UHC) as “everyone, everywhere should have access to the health services they need without risk of financial hardship.”
Need of community level healthcare intervention to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India
Need of community level healthcare intervention to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India
- Proximity to Communities: By establishing health facilities at the grassroots level, people can receive medical attention without the need to travel long distances, especially in remote and underserved areas.
- Understanding Local Needs: Communities have unique healthcare needs and cultural practices. Local interventions allow healthcare providers to understand these specific requirements and tailor healthcare services accordingly.
- Early Detection and Prevention: Local healthcare interventions facilitate early detection and prevention of diseases. Community health workers and local healthcare providers can identify health risks and conduct health screenings on a regular basis.
- Health Promotion and Education: Community-level interventions promote health awareness and education. By engaging with local communities, healthcare providers can educate people about preventive measures, healthy behaviours, and disease management.
- Cost-Effectiveness: Local healthcare interventions can be more cost-effective than centralized approaches. By addressing health issues at the community level, the need for expensive specialized care or hospitalizations may be reduced.
- Building Trust and Rapport: Local healthcare providers build trust and rapport with community members over time. This trust is crucial in encouraging people to seek healthcare services, comply with treatment, and follow preventive measures.
19) How far do you agree with the view that the focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India? (250 words)
Food availability is undoubtedly a crucial factor in addressing hunger and malnutrition, it is essential to recognize that hunger is a multidimensional issue with complex underlying causes. Ignoring other aspects of human development and focusing solely on food availability can lead to overlooking systemic problems that contribute to persistent hunger and poverty.
Focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India
Focus on lack of availability of food as the main cause of hunger takes the attention away from ineffective human development policies in India
- Food Security and Nutrition: In many cases, immediate interventions like food distribution programs, food subsidies, and nutrition-specific initiatives are essential to alleviate hunger and meet the immediate nutritional needs of vulnerable populations.
- Multi-faceted Nature of Hunger: Hunger and malnutrition are influenced by a range of factors beyond food availability, such as poverty, lack of access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate healthcare, limited education, and gender inequality. Neglecting these interconnected issues can limit the effectiveness of efforts to combat hunger.
- Holistic Approach: To effectively address hunger, a holistic approach is necessary, which considers not only food security but also broader human development policies. This includes promoting inclusive economic growth, improving education, providing healthcare services, empowering women, and enhancing livelihood opportunities.
- Human Development Policies: Ineffective human development policies, such as inadequate investments in education, healthcare, skill development, and employment generation, can perpetuate poverty and hinder people's ability to break free from the cycle of hunger and malnutrition.
- Data and Evidence-based Approaches: It is essential to rely on data and evidence-based approaches to understand the root causes of hunger comprehensively. This allows for more targeted and effective interventions that address the underlying issues driving hunger and poverty.
- Interconnectedness of Development Policies: Food security is interconnected with various aspects of human development, and progress in one area can have a positive impact on others. For example, improving access to education can enhance economic opportunities and, in turn, contribute to better food security and nutrition.
2017
20) “To ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene needs the identification of the beneficiary segments is to be synchronized with the anticipated outcomes.” Examine the statement in the context of the WASH scheme. (150 words)
The WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) scheme was launched by the Government of India in 2014 to ensure universal access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene. The scheme aims to improve the health and well-being of the people, particularly those living in rural areas.
However, the success of the scheme depends on its effective implementation, which requires the identification of the beneficiaries and synchronization of the anticipated outcomes.
Identification of the beneficiary segments and anticipation of outcomes is needed to ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene
However, the success of the scheme depends on its effective implementation, which requires the identification of the beneficiaries and synchronization of the anticipated outcomes.
Identification of the beneficiary segments and anticipation of outcomes is needed to ensure effective implementation of policies addressing water, sanitation and hygiene
- Targeting the Right Beneficiary Segments: Effective targeting helps to reach vulnerable and underserved communities that lack access to clean water, proper sanitation facilities, and hygiene education.
- Tailored Interventions: When beneficiary segments are accurately identified, it allows for the design of tailored interventions that address specific needs and challenges faced by different groups. A one-size-fits-all approach may not yield the desired outcomes in diverse settings.
E.g.: rural areas might require a different approach compared to urban slums or tribal communities. - Maximizing Impact and Outcomes: By synchronizing the identification of beneficiary segments with anticipated outcomes, the WASH scheme can maximize its impact on the overall well-being of the targeted population.
E.g.: focusing on improving sanitation facilities in schools can lead to improved attendance and health among students. - Equity and Inclusivity: Proper identification of beneficiary segments ensures that the benefits of the WASH scheme are distributed equitably and that no vulnerable group is left behind.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: When beneficiary segments are well-defined, it becomes easier to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the WASH scheme. Measuring progress against specific outcomes allows for adjustments and improvements to be made as needed.
21) Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss. (150 words)
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (RPWD Act) is a landmark legislation in India aimed at promoting the rights, empowerment, and inclusion of persons with disabilities (PWDs) in society.
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society
- Expanded Definition of Disabilities: The act expanded the definition of disabilities from seven to twenty-one categories, including physical, mental, intellectual, and multiple disabilities. This broader scope recognizes and protects the rights of individuals with various disabilities.
- Reservation in Education and Employment: The act mandates reservations for PWDs in higher education institutions and government jobs. This provision enhances opportunities for education and employment.
- Accessibility and Barrier-Free Environment: The act emphasizes the creation of a barrier-free physical environment, transportation, and information and communication technologies to enable PWDs to access public places, services, and facilities. This promotes their inclusion in various aspects of community life.
- Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunities: The act strictly prohibits discrimination against PWDs and ensures equal opportunities in education, employment, and public services. It provides mechanisms for reporting and redressing grievances related to discrimination.
- Guardianship and Decision-Making: The act promotes the rights of PWDs to make decisions about their lives, including legal capacity. It aims to minimize the use of guardianship and provides for the appointment of a limited guardian only if necessary.
- Awareness and Sensitization: Lack of awareness and sensitization among the public, government officials, and service providers can hinder effective implementation.
- Infrastructure and Accessibility: Despite the legal mandate for accessibility, many public places and services are still not fully accessible, limiting the participation of PWDs.
- Reservation Compliance: Ensuring proper implementation of reservation policies in education and employment can be challenging due to administrative and attitudinal barriers.
- Resource Allocation: Adequate resource allocation is essential to support the effective implementation of the RPWD Act, but budgetary constraints may pose challenges.
22) Hunger and poverty are the bigger challenges for good governance in India still today. Evaluate how far successive governments have progressed in dealing with these humongous problems. Suggest measures for improvement. (150 words)
Good Governance is “the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development”. Good governance has 8 major characteristics. It is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.
Hunger and poverty are the bigger challenges for good governance in India
Measures for Improvement
Hunger and poverty are the bigger challenges for good governance in India
- Human Development: Hunger and poverty hinder human development and well-being. Good governance should prioritize the welfare of its citizens by ensuring access to basic necessities such as food, clean water, healthcare, and education.
- Inclusive Growth: Poverty and hunger exacerbate social and economic inequalities. Good governance should focus on inclusive growth, ensuring that the benefits of economic development reach all segments of society
- Productivity and Human Capital: Poverty and hunger can hinder human capital development and productivity. Good governance should invest in education, skill development, and livelihood opportunities to empower individuals and enhance their contributions to society and the economy.
- Direct Measures
- National Food Security Act: Entitles food grains at subsidized prices
- Social Assistance Scheme: Financial assistance to the vulnerable people.
- MGNREGA: Wage employment to rural households, enhancing livelihood opportunities.
- Indirect Measures
- Economic Reforms: Aimed at promoting economic growth and investment.
- Financial Inclusion: Enabling access to banking services and social security benefits to all.
- Skill Development: To enhance employability.
- Social Safety Nets: Public Distribution System (PDS), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), and the National Food Security Act (NFSA) like initiatives have played a crucial role in providing food security and income support to millions of vulnerable households.
- Targeted Welfare Schemes: The government has introduced targeted welfare schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), and Ayushman Bharat, which aim to provide financial inclusion, clean cooking fuel, and healthcare access to marginalized populations.
- Economic Growth: India's sustained economic growth has lifted millions out of poverty, leading to a decline in poverty rates over the years.
- Nutrition-focused Initiatives: The government has launched nutrition-specific programs like the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and the Poshan Abhiyaan to address malnutrition and enhance the health of women and children.
- Implementation Gaps: The effectiveness of many policies is limited by implementation challenges, including leakages, corruption, and bureaucratic inefficiencies.
- Regional Disparities: Poverty and hunger continue to be more acute in certain regions and among specific social groups, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.
- Inequality: Despite overall economic growth, income and wealth inequality persist, leading to disparities in access to resources and opportunities.
- Environmental Degradation: Environmental issues, such as climate change and resource depletion, can exacerbate poverty and hunger in vulnerable communities.
Measures for Improvement
- Data Accuracy: For effective targeting of beneficiaries.
- Use of technology: To reduce leakage and corruption is crucial.
- Investment in Agriculture: significant proportion depends on it for livelihood.
- Employment Generation: More focus on labour-intensive sectors especially SMEs.
- Education and Healthcare: To break the cycle of poverty.
- Transparent and Accountable Governance: To ensure the success of welfare programs.
23) Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. (250 words)
The National Commission for Women was set up in 1992 under the National commission Act. It was established to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women. The National Commission for Women plays a significant role in strategizing and tackling the problems that women face in both public and private spheres in India.
NCW in strategizing and tackling the problems that women face in public and private spheres
Public Sphere
NCW in strategizing and tackling the problems that women face in public and private spheres
Public Sphere
- Awareness and Advocacy: It conducts campaigns, workshops, and seminars to promote gender equality and challenge social norms that perpetuate discrimination against women.
- Grievance Redressal: The commission receives and investigates complaints of women facing harassment, violence, or discrimination in public spaces. It also provides support and assistance to victims.
- Monitoring and Recommendations: It also monitors the implementation of laws and policies related to women's rights in the public sphere. It provides recommendations to the government to bridge gaps.
- Family and Domestic Violence: Addresses issues of domestic violence, dowry-related abuse. It provides support and counselling services to victims.
- Workplace Discrimination: It tackles workplace-related issues, including gender discrimination and sexual harassment.
- Custody and Property Rights: Works towards protecting women's rights in matters of custody, inheritance, and property, ensuring that women receive equal treatment and legal safeguards in these areas.
- Lack of Enforcement Power: Recommendations are not binding, limiting its ability to enforce action against offenders.
- Limited Reach: The commission's outreach and effectiveness might be limited in remote or rural areas, where awareness about women's rights and access to the commission's services could be lacking.
- Resource Constraints: Resource constraints affect its capacity to handle a large number of cases and conduct comprehensive research and studies.
- Societal Norms and Attitudes: Deep-rooted societal norms and attitudes towards women may hinder the commission's efforts to effect lasting change, especially in traditionally conservative areas.
- Legal Challenges: Despite legal safeguards, the judicial process can be slow and arduous, affecting the timely delivery of justice to women.
24) “The emergence of the Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in contemporary times points to the show but steady withdrawal of the State from developmental activities.” Examine the role of the SHGs in developmental activities and the measures taken by the Government of India to promote the SHGs. (250 words)
SHGs are community-based organizations of 10-20 members, mostly women, who come together to save money, create self-employment opportunities, and provide mutual support.
In contemporary, the emergence of Self-Help Groups is an indication of a shift towards community-led development and empowerment, with the State playing a supportive role rather than being the sole provider of developmental activities.
Role of Self-Help Groups in developmental activities
In contemporary, the emergence of Self-Help Groups is an indication of a shift towards community-led development and empowerment, with the State playing a supportive role rather than being the sole provider of developmental activities.
Role of Self-Help Groups in developmental activities
- Empowerment of Women: By providing them with a platform to come together, discuss issues, and take collective action. Women members in SHGs gain confidence, decision-making skills, and financial independence, leading to improvements in their socio-economic status.
- Microfinance and Financial Inclusion: Facilitate access to microfinance services, including small loans and savings opportunities, which are critical for entrepreneurship and income-generating activities in rural areas.
- Livelihood Promotion: Encourage income-generating activities like agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicrafts. They promote sustainable livelihoods, reducing dependency on traditional forms of employment.
- Community Development: Foster a sense of community and cooperation among members, leading to the development of collective solutions to local challenges. They undertake community-based projects, such as building infrastructure, improving sanitation, and addressing environmental issues.
- Social Welfare Initiative: Often engage in social welfare activities, such as promoting education, health awareness, and sanitation practices within their communities.
- National Rural Livelihood Mission: Aims to alleviate rural poverty by promoting SHGs and providing them with financial and technical support to build their capacities.
- NABARD: Provides financial support to SHGs through bank linkages, encouraging their access to credit and savings facilities.
- Promotion of Federations: Encourages the formation of SHG federations to strengthen their collective bargaining power and facilitate bulk procurement, marketing, and collective decision-making.
- Capacity Building: Invests in capacity-building programs for SHG members, providing them with training in financial literacy, entrepreneurship, and other skill development areas.
- Supportive Policy Environment: The government has put in place supportive policies, such as preferential treatment in government procurement and access to subsidies, to incentivize the growth of SHGs.
- National Urban Livelihoods Mission: Focuses on promoting SHGs in urban areas, supporting urban poverty reduction, and creating livelihood opportunities for the urban poor.
25) “Poverty alleviation programmes in India remain more showpieces until and unless they are backed up by political will.” Discuss with reference to the performance of the major poverty alleviation programmes in India. (250 words)
India has implemented several poverty alleviation programs over the years, their effectiveness and impact often depend on the political will and commitment of the government in ensuring their proper implementation and resource allocation.
Performance of poverty alleviation programs and their correlation with political will
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Public Distribution System
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
National Food Security Act
Performance of poverty alleviation programs and their correlation with political will
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
- It’s aiming to provide 100 days of guaranteed wage employment to rural households.
- When implemented effectively and backed by political will, MGNREGA has shown positive results in generating rural employment, improving livelihoods, and addressing poverty.
Public Distribution System
- Aims to provide subsidized food grains to the vulnerable population.
- Its success depends on efficient targeting of beneficiaries and timely distribution.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
- An ambitious financial inclusion program launched to provide banking facilities to the unbanked population.
- Political commitment towards financial inclusion has resulted in significant progress, with millions of bank accounts opened.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
- Aiming to eliminate open defecation and improve sanitation facilities.
- Strong political will in mobilizing communities, allocating resources, and ensuring proper implementation results in significant success.
- Focuses on promoting self-employment and organizing rural poor into self-help groups (SHGs).
- Its success depends on the commitment of the government in providing resources, capacity building, and access to credit for the SHGs.
National Food Security Act
- Aims to provide subsidized food grains to a significant proportion of the population. Political will in effective targeting, transparency, and monitoring is crucial to ensuring its success in addressing hunger and malnutrition.
2016
26) Professor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance? (200 words)
According to Prof. Amartya Sen “Without developing social sectors like school education and basic health-care services, it will not be possible for India to possess a participatory and widely shared economic growth.
Suggestions to Improve status and performance of Primary Education
Suggestions to Improve status and performance of Primary Education
- Equal Access and Inclusivity: Ensure equal access to quality education for all children, regardless of their socio-economic background, gender, or location.
- Quality Teachers: Invest in teacher training and professional development programs to enhance teaching skills and pedagogy. Motivate and retain well-qualified and dedicated teachers in primary schools.
- Holistic Curriculum: Revise the curriculum to focus on holistic development, critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and creativity. Promote experiential and activity-based learning methodologies.
- Infrastructure and Resources: Improve school infrastructure, including classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and digital learning resources. Ensure the availability of adequate learning materials and technology.
- Parent and Community Engagement: Encourage active involvement of parents and communities in the education process, promoting a supportive learning environment at home and school.
- Strengthen Primary Health Care Facilities: Invest in primary health care infrastructure and facilities in rural and underserved areas. Ensure access to essential medicines and diagnostic facilities.
- Skilled Health Workforce: Focus on training and deploying a skilled health workforce, including doctors, nurses, and community health workers, to improve access to healthcare services.
- Preventive Health Interventions: Emphasize preventive health interventions, including health education, immunization, nutrition programs, maternal and child health initiatives, and disease prevention campaigns.
- Integrated Health Services: Integrate primary health care services with other sectors like nutrition, sanitation, and education to address the broader determinants of health.
- Community Engagement: Involve local communities in planning, implementation, and monitoring of health programs to ensure relevance and sustainability.
27) “In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal.” Critically examine this statement. (200 words)
Non-state actors are entities or organizations that operate outside of the direct control of the government but play a significant role in shaping policies, development, and public discourse.
E.g.: Non-governmental organizations, Media and Press, Think Tanks and Research Institutions, Trade Unions and Professional Associations, Religious and Cultural Organizations
Reason for Sub-optimal Performance of non-state actors in the Indian governance system
E.g.: Non-governmental organizations, Media and Press, Think Tanks and Research Institutions, Trade Unions and Professional Associations, Religious and Cultural Organizations
Reason for Sub-optimal Performance of non-state actors in the Indian governance system
- Regulatory Environment: Non-state actors in India often face complex regulations and bureaucratic hurdles, limiting their potential impact.
- Unequal Representation: The influence of non-state actors is not evenly distributed. Some powerful and well-funded groups may have more substantial influence than smaller grassroots organizations.
- Transparency and Accountability: Some non-state actors may lack transparency and accountability in their operations, leading to concerns about their intentions and funding sources.
- Government Dominance: While non-state actors have a role, the Indian government often holds significant power and control, which can diminish the influence of other stakeholders.
- Political Interference: Political parties and leaders sometimes try to co-opt non-state actors for their own agendas, compromising their independence and credibility.
- Capacity Building: Provide capacity-building programs and training to non-state actors to enhance their organizational and technical skills. This includes training in project management, advocacy, data analysis, and program implementation.
- Incentivization: Create incentives for non-state actors to perform effectively. Recognize and reward exemplary contributions and successful outcomes to encourage further engagement.
- Consultation and Participation: Involve non-state actors in policy formulation and decision-making processes. Seek their inputs and perspectives in developing inclusive and effective policies.
- Transparency and Accountability: Ensure transparency and accountability in the functioning of non-state actors. Regularly assess their performance and impact through independent evaluations and public disclosures of outcomes.
28) Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (200 words)
The National Child Policy was formulated in 2013 with the aim of addressing the various issues faced by children in India. The policy recognizes the rights of children and aims to provide them with a safe, nurturing, and supportive environment for their development.
Main provisions of the National Child Policy
Achievements
Main provisions of the National Child Policy
- Child Rights and Protection: Emphasizes the protection and promotion of child rights, including the right to survival, health, nutrition, education, and development. It seeks to safeguard children from exploitation, abuse, and neglect.
- Holistic Development: Focuses on providing an environment that ensures the physical, mental, emotional, and social development of children.
- Education and Skill Development: Stresses the importance of quality education and skill development to empower children with the necessary tools for a better future.
- Health and Nutrition: Aims to improve child health and nutrition through various interventions, including immunization, healthcare services, and nutrition programs.
- Child Labour and Exploitation: The NCP addresses the issue of child labour and aims to eliminate child exploitation in all forms.
Achievements
- improvements in child survival rates
- increased school enrolment
- establishment of child protection mechanisms.
- Lack of awareness about the policy
- Inadequate resource allocation for its implementation
- Bureaucratic hurdles
- Socio-economic disparities
- Lack of quality education and healthcare infrastructure
29) Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (200 words)
The National Child Policy was formulated in 2013 with the aim of addressing the various issues faced by children in India. The policy recognizes the rights of children and aims to provide them with a safe, nurturing, and supportive environment for their development.
Main provisions of the National Child Policy
Main provisions of the National Child Policy
- Child Rights and Protection: Emphasizes the protection and promotion of child rights, including the right to survival, health, nutrition, education, and development. It seeks to safeguard children from exploitation, abuse, and neglect.
- Holistic Development: Focuses on providing an environment that ensures the physical, mental, emotional, and social development of children.
- Education and Skill Development: Stresses the importance of quality education and skill development to empower children with the necessary tools for a better future.
- Health and Nutrition: Aims to improve child health and nutrition through various interventions, including immunization, healthcare services, and nutrition programs.
- Child Labour and Exploitation: The NCP addresses the issue of child labour and aims to eliminate child exploitation in all forms.
- improvements in child survival rates
- increased school enrolment
- establishment of child protection mechanisms.
- Lack of awareness about the policy
- Inadequate resource allocation for its implementation
- Bureaucratic hurdles
- Socio-economic disparities
- Lack of quality education and healthcare infrastructure
2015
30) Examine critically the recent changes in the rule governing foreign funding of NGOs under the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 1976 (200 words)
FCRA Amendment Act, 2015 aimed to tighten the regulation of foreign funding for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in India.
Key Changes in the rule governing foreign funding of NGOs under FCRA, 1976
Key Changes in the rule governing foreign funding of NGOs under FCRA, 1976
- Definition of Foreign Source: The amendment broadened the definition of "foreign source" to include not only foreign companies but also their Indian subsidiaries and associates, thereby expanding the scope of entities covered under the FCRA.
- Prior Permission for Sub-Granting: The amendment made it mandatory for NGOs to seek prior permission from the government before transferring funds to other organizations. This provision was introduced to enhance transparency and oversight of fund utilization.
- Reduction in Administrative Expenses: The amendment mandated that NGOs could utilize only 50% of foreign contributions for administrative expenses. The move was aimed at ensuring that a significant portion of foreign funds is directed towards developmental activities and not administrative overheads.
- Renewal of FCRA Registration: The 2015 amendment mandated that NGOs had to apply for renewal of their FCRA registration every five years, as opposed to the earlier provision where registration was granted indefinitely.
- Enhanced Transparency: Proponents of the amendments argued that the changes would improve transparency in the utilization of foreign funds, preventing misuse and diversion of resources for unauthorized activities.
- Restrictive and Chilling Effect: Critics, including some NGOs, raised concerns that the amendments could be used to stifle dissent and restrict the activities of civil society organizations critical of the government. The prior permission requirement and reduced administrative expenses cap were seen as burdensome and restrictive.
- Increased Bureaucratic Process: The requirement for renewal every five years was seen as an additional bureaucratic burden for NGOs, diverting their focus from their core developmental work.
- Impact on Grassroots Organizations: Smaller grassroots NGOs, which heavily relied on foreign funding, expressed concerns that the amendments could adversely affect their ability to carry out developmental activities due to increased compliance requirements and reduced funding flexibility.
31) The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programme. Elucidate. (200 words)
The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) was launched in 1992 as a pilot project by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) and has since then grown to become one of the largest microfinance programs in the world.
Working of the Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program
Working of the Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program
- Under the SBLP, women in rural areas form self-help groups and are linked with banks for financial support.
- The SHGs are encouraged to save regularly and are provided with training and support to start income-generating activities.
- The banks provide loans to these groups, which are collectively managed and repaid by the members of the SHG.
- Helped to reduce poverty by providing access to credit and enabling members to start small businesses and increase their incomes.
- Successful in empowering women in rural areas by giving them financial independence and increasing their participation in decision-making.
- Successful in creating a culture of savings and financial discipline among the rural poor. Facilitates women to save significant amounts, which they use to meet their financial needs and emergencies.
- Low Financial Literacy: Many SHG members, especially in rural areas, have limited financial literacy, which can hinder their understanding of various financial products and services offered by banks.
- Indebtedness: In some cases, SHG members may become over-indebted due to multiple borrowings from different sources, including microfinance institutions and informal lenders.
- Group Dynamics: Maintaining group cohesion and ensuring effective decision-making within SHGs can be challenging, especially in larger and more diverse groups.
- Lack of Formal Identity Documents: Limited access to formal identity documents can be a barrier for SHG members in opening bank accounts and accessing financial services.
32) How can be the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (200 words)
Strengthening the role of NGOs in India for environmental protection and development works is crucial to address pressing environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. NGOs can play a vital role in raising awareness, implementing projects, and advocating for environmental protection.
Ways to improve role of NGOs in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment
Ways to improve role of NGOs in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment
- Capacity Building: Providing capacity-building support to NGOs, including training in project management, fundraising, and advocacy, can enhance their effectiveness in implementing environmental projects.
- Networking and Collaboration: Encouraging NGOs to collaborate and form networks enables them to pool resources, share knowledge, and coordinate efforts for more significant impact.
- Policy Advocacy: NGOs can advocate for robust environmental policies and regulations, engaging with policymakers to ensure effective implementation and enforcement of environmental laws.
- Public Awareness: NGOs can raise public awareness about environmental issues through education campaigns, media outreach, and community engagement, fostering a sense of responsibility among citizens.
- Grassroots Engagement: Strengthening the grassroots presence of NGOs allows them to engage with local communities directly, understanding their needs and involving them in environmental protection efforts.
- Funding Challenges: NGOs often face financial constraints, relying on grants and donations.
- Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with legal requirements and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) can be complex.
- Bureaucratic Red Tape: Excessive bureaucratic procedures for project approvals and reporting can hinder the efficiency.
- Political Pressures: NGOs involved in environmental activism may face political pressures or restrictions, affecting their advocacy efforts.
- Capacity Constraints: Some NGOs may lack the necessary expertise, resources, or manpower to handle large-scale environmental projects effectively.
- Inadequate Collaboration: Limited collaboration between NGOs and government agencies can hinder the integration of environmental initiatives into broader policy frameworks.
33) How can be the role of NGOs be strengthened in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment? Discuss throwing light on the major constraints. (200 words)
Strengthening the role of NGOs in India for environmental protection and development works is crucial to address pressing environmental challenges and promote sustainable development. NGOs can play a vital role in raising awareness, implementing projects, and advocating for environmental protection.
Ways to improve role of NGOs in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment
Ways to improve role of NGOs in India for development works relating to protection of the Environment
- Capacity Building: Providing capacity-building support to NGOs, including training in project management, fundraising, and advocacy, can enhance their effectiveness in implementing environmental projects.
- Networking and Collaboration: Encouraging NGOs to collaborate and form networks enables them to pool resources, share knowledge, and coordinate efforts for more significant impact.
- Policy Advocacy: NGOs can advocate for robust environmental policies and regulations, engaging with policymakers to ensure effective implementation and enforcement of environmental laws.
- Public Awareness: NGOs can raise public awareness about environmental issues through education campaigns, media outreach, and community engagement, fostering a sense of responsibility among citizens.
- Grassroots Engagement: Strengthening the grassroots presence of NGOs allows them to engage with local communities directly, understanding their needs and involving them in environmental protection efforts.
- Funding Challenges: NGOs often face financial constraints, relying on grants and donations.
- Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with legal requirements and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) can be complex.
- Bureaucratic Red Tape: Excessive bureaucratic procedures for project approvals and reporting can hinder the efficiency.
- Political Pressures: NGOs involved in environmental activism may face political pressures or restrictions, affecting their advocacy efforts.
- Capacity Constraints: Some NGOs may lack the necessary expertise, resources, or manpower to handle large-scale environmental projects effectively.
- Inadequate Collaboration: Limited collaboration between NGOs and government agencies can hinder the integration of environmental initiatives into broader policy frameworks.
34) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (200 words)
The public health system in India has several limitations in providing universal health coverage, including inadequate infrastructure, shortages of medical personnel, and insufficient funding. In this context, the private sector can play a role in bridging the gap by providing healthcare services and investing in healthcare infrastructure. However, it is important to note that the private sector has its limitations as well.
Limitation of public health system in providing universal health coverage
Limitation of public health system in providing universal health coverage
- Limited Resources: Public health systems often suffer from inadequate funding and resources, leading to a shortage of healthcare facilities, medical professionals, and essential medical supplies.
- Overburdened Infrastructure: Public health facilities are often overburdened, leading to long waiting times and reduced quality of care.
- Fragmented Health Services: Fragmentation and lack of coordination between different levels of the health system can lead to inefficiencies and gaps in service delivery.
- Administrative and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Lengthy administrative processes and bureaucratic hurdles can deter people from accessing healthcare services.
- Inadequate Primary Healthcare: Strong primary healthcare services are essential for achieving UHC, but these services may be lacking in some areas.
- Increased Capacity: Private healthcare facilities can add to the overall healthcare capacity, reducing the burden on public hospitals and clinics.
- Innovation and Technology: The private sector often brings in innovative technologies and practices that can enhance healthcare delivery and outcomes.
- Timely Services: Private facilities can offer quicker access to specialized treatments and elective procedures.
- Private healthcare services are often expensive and not accessible to the poor and marginalized sections of society.
- Private sector may not be focused on providing healthcare to those who need it the most, but rather on generating profits.
- Strengthen the public health system by increasing funding, improving infrastructure, and attracting and retaining skilled medical personnel.
- Investment in preventive healthcare measures, such as health education, sanitation, and immunization, which can help reduce the burden of diseases and illnesses.
- Innovative solutions such as telemedicine and community health worker programs can be explored to provide healthcare services to remote and underserved areas.
- Public-private partnerships can also be established to leverage the strengths of both sectors and provide affordable and accessible healthcare services to all.
34) Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (200 words)
The public health system in India has several limitations in providing universal health coverage, including inadequate infrastructure, shortages of medical personnel, and insufficient funding. In this context, the private sector can play a role in bridging the gap by providing healthcare services and investing in healthcare infrastructure. However, it is important to note that the private sector has its limitations as well.
Limitation of public health system in providing universal health coverage
Limitation of public health system in providing universal health coverage
- Limited Resources: Public health systems often suffer from inadequate funding and resources, leading to a shortage of healthcare facilities, medical professionals, and essential medical supplies.
- Overburdened Infrastructure: Public health facilities are often overburdened, leading to long waiting times and reduced quality of care.
- Fragmented Health Services: Fragmentation and lack of coordination between different levels of the health system can lead to inefficiencies and gaps in service delivery.
- Administrative and Bureaucratic Hurdles: Lengthy administrative processes and bureaucratic hurdles can deter people from accessing healthcare services.
- Inadequate Primary Healthcare: Strong primary healthcare services are essential for achieving UHC, but these services may be lacking in some areas.
- Increased Capacity: Private healthcare facilities can add to the overall healthcare capacity, reducing the burden on public hospitals and clinics.
- Innovation and Technology: The private sector often brings in innovative technologies and practices that can enhance healthcare delivery and outcomes.
- Timely Services: Private facilities can offer quicker access to specialized treatments and elective procedures.
- Private healthcare services are often expensive and not accessible to the poor and marginalized sections of society.
- Private sector may not be focused on providing healthcare to those who need it the most, but rather on generating profits.
- Strengthen the public health system by increasing funding, improving infrastructure, and attracting and retaining skilled medical personnel.
- Investment in preventive healthcare measures, such as health education, sanitation, and immunization, which can help reduce the burden of diseases and illnesses.
- Innovative solutions such as telemedicine and community health worker programs can be explored to provide healthcare services to remote and underserved areas.
- Public-private partnerships can also be established to leverage the strengths of both sectors and provide affordable and accessible healthcare services to all.
35) Though there have been several different estimates of poverty in India, all indicate reduction in poverty levels over time. Do you agree? Critically examine with reference to urban and rural poverty indicators. (200 words)
India has made progress in reducing poverty levels over time, but there are still significant disparities between urban and rural areas. Several estimates of poverty in India have been conducted using different methodologies and criteria. However, most of these estimates indicate a reduction in poverty levels over time.
Different estimates of poverty in India
Different estimates of poverty in India
- Official Poverty Line: The Indian government uses an official poverty line to estimate poverty levels. As of 2011-12, the national poverty line was set at an expenditure of Rs 32 per capita per day in rural areas and Rs 47 per capita per day in urban areas.
- However, this poverty line has been a subject of debate and criticism for being too low and not adequately capturing the true extent of poverty.
- Tendulkar Committee Report: In 2011, the Tendulkar Committee was formed to review the methodology for estimating poverty. The committee recommended higher poverty lines of Rs 47 and Rs 32 per capita per day for urban and rural areas, respectively.
- Rangarajan Committee Report: The Rangarajan Committee, in 2014, proposed a new methodology for poverty estimation, which considered a higher poverty line than the previous estimates. The committee recommended Rs 140 and Rs 100 per capita per day for urban and rural areas, respectively.
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): Apart from income-based estimates, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) have developed the MPI, which considers various deprivations related to health, education, and living standards.
- Income Inequality: Urban areas often exhibit higher income levels, but income inequality can be pronounced, leading to a significant wealth gap between the rich and poor.
- Informal Employment: A substantial proportion of the urban population is engaged in the informal sector, where job security, social protection, and steady income are often lacking.
- Slums and Informal Settlements: Rapid urbanization has led to the growth of slums and informal settlements, where residents face inadequate access to basic amenities, sanitation, and healthcare.
- High Cost of Living: Urban areas have a higher cost of living, including expenses for housing, education, and healthcare, which can strain the budgets of low-income urban households.
- Service Delivery Challenges: Despite better infrastructure, access to quality healthcare and education services may be uneven, particularly for those residing in slums and marginalized urban neighbourhoods.
- Agriculture Dependency: A significant proportion of the rural population depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. Vulnerability to weather, market fluctuations, and low productivity can contribute to rural poverty.
- Landlessness and Fragmentation: Landlessness or small landholdings limit agricultural income, and fragmented landholdings impact economies of scale and agricultural productivity.
- Limited Non-Agricultural Opportunities: Rural regions may lack diverse non-agricultural economic opportunities, leading to limited income sources for rural households.
2014
36) The setting up of a Rail Tarif Authority to regulate fares will subject the cash-strapped Indian Railways to demand subsidies for an obligation to operate non-profitable routes and services. Taking into account the experience in the power sector, discuss if the proposed reform is expected to benefit the consumers, the Indian Railways or the private container operators. (200 words)
The proposal to set up a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares in the Indian Railways is aimed at improving the efficiency of the system and ensuring fair pricing for consumers. However, the experience in the power sector suggests that such reforms may not always lead to the desired outcomes.
The proposed establishment of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares in the Indian Railways raises several implications for consumers, the railways, and private container operators. To evaluate the potential benefits, it is essential to draw insights from the experience in the power sector, where similar regulatory reforms have been implemented.
Benefits of proposed reform
For Consumers
Drawing lessons from the power sector, it is crucial to ensure that the reform's objectives align with the broader goals of financial sustainability, efficiency, and service quality.
The proposed establishment of a Rail Tariff Authority to regulate fares in the Indian Railways raises several implications for consumers, the railways, and private container operators. To evaluate the potential benefits, it is essential to draw insights from the experience in the power sector, where similar regulatory reforms have been implemented.
Benefits of proposed reform
For Consumers
- Benefits: Institutional reforms lead to more transparent and standardized fare structures. This may result in fair pricing for passengers and freight customers, reducing the scope for arbitrary fare hikes. Consumers could benefit from improved service quality, punctuality, and possibly better amenities on trains and at railway stations.
- Issues: These benefits depend on its independence and its ability to balance the needs of consumers with the financial sustainability of the railways. In the power sector, regulatory reforms have not always translated into lower tariffs for consumers due to other structural issues.
- Benefits: For the Indian Railways, it could bring much-needed financial discipline and rationalization of fares. By having a regulatory body set fares, the railways may be protected from political pressures to keep fares artificially low.
- Issues: the obligation to operate unprofitable routes could put an additional financial burden on the already cash-strapped railways. It pushes railways to rely on cross-subsidization from profitable routes to cover the losses incurred on unprofitable ones. This could limit the railways' capacity to invest in infrastructure development and modernization.
- Benefits: Private container operators may benefit from a regulated fare structure, which would provide them with cost predictability and transparency. Standardized and reasonable freight tariffs could attract more private players to invest in the rail freight sector, leading to increased competition and improved efficiency.
- Issues: for private container operators to thrive, the railways need to ensure efficient operations, reduced transit times, and improved last-mile connectivity. Regulatory reforms alone may not be sufficient if the railways do not address underlying operational and logistical challenges.
Drawing lessons from the power sector, it is crucial to ensure that the reform's objectives align with the broader goals of financial sustainability, efficiency, and service quality.
37) The penetration of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas in promoting participation in development programmes is facing socio cultural hurdles. Examine. (200 words)
A Self-Help Group is defined as a “self-governed, peer-controlled information group of people with similar socio-economic background and having a desire to collectively perform common purpose”. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have been instrumental in promoting community development and empowering women in rural areas across various countries, including India
Socio cultural Hurdles facing by SHGs
Socio cultural Hurdles facing by SHGs
- Gender Norms and Women's Participation: Women's active participation in SHGs and development programs may be discouraged due to prevailing patriarchal attitudes and limited opportunities for women to engage outside their households.
- Stigma and Social Taboos: Prevalence of stigma surrounding certain issues, such as reproductive health, sanitation can hinder SHG in addressing these sensitive topics due to cultural restrictions or fear of social exclusion.
- Caste and Social Hierarchies: Deeply entrenched caste system, and social hierarchies can affect SHG dynamics. The inclusion of marginalized caste groups may face resistance from dominant caste communities, impacting the ability of SHGs to foster collective action and development.
- Lack of Decision-making Autonomy: SHGs may not have the autonomy to make independent decisions, especially if they are closely linked to local authorities or external agencies.
- Trust and Social Capital: The success of SHGs heavily relies on building trust and social capital within the community. In areas with longstanding conflicts or divisions, establishing trust among SHG members and promoting cooperation can be challenging.
- Illiteracy and Awareness: Limited literacy and awareness levels in rural areas may hinder effective participation in development programs. SHGs may struggle to disseminate information and educate members on critical issues due to low literacy rates.
- Resource Constraints: Socio cultural hurdles may also be exacerbated by limited access to resources and infrastructure in rural areas. Lack of proper communication channels and transportation can hinder the outreach and effectiveness of SHGs.
- The delivery system has to be proactive and should respond to the financial needs of the farmers.
- Training programmes relating to management of finances, maintaining accounts, production and marketing activities etc. should be given.
- Simplify the process of giving loans, i.e. reduce the number of questions to important non-repetitive ones.
- Provide gender sensitization training to bank staff so that they are sensitized to the needs of rural clients especially women.
- Adequate insurance coverage should be provided to the business units promoted by SHG against the financial losses to safeguard the interest of the entrepreneurs.
38) Do government’s schemes for up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting required social resources for them, lead to their exclusion in establishing businesses in urban economies? (200 words)
Government schemes aimed at uplifting vulnerable and backward communities by protecting social resources for them can have both positive and negative impacts on their participation in establishing businesses in urban economies. The key lies in the design and implementation of such schemes.
Positive Impacts of schemes in up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities
Positive Impacts of schemes in up-lifting vulnerable and backward communities
- Social Inclusion: Government schemes that protect social resources for vulnerable communities can foster social inclusion and provide them with a level playing field, encouraging their participation in economic activities, including businesses.
- Capacity Building: Some schemes focus on providing skill development, training, and capacity-building opportunities to marginalized communities, equipping them with the necessary knowledge and expertise to establish and run businesses successfully.
- Access to Credit and Finance: Certain government schemes aim to enhance access to credit and financial resources for disadvantaged communities, making it easier for them to start and sustain businesses.
- Dependency: Overreliance on government schemes can create a sense of dependency, leading to a lack of initiative or motivation to explore independent entrepreneurial ventures.
- Limited Choices: Schemes that earmark specific sectors or industries for vulnerable communities may limit their choices, hindering them from pursuing businesses of their preference or interest.
- Competitiveness: Exclusivity in certain sectors can result in reduced competitiveness for businesses run by vulnerable communities, as they may not have access to a wider customer base.
- Diverse Support: Government schemes should support a diverse range of businesses and not restrict opportunities for vulnerable communities, allowing them to explore various sectors based on their interests and capabilities.
- Empowerment: Focus on empowering vulnerable communities through skill development, education, and access to resources, enabling them to make informed decisions about business ventures.
- Reducing Barriers: Streamline administrative processes and minimize bureaucratic hurdles in accessing government support, making it easier for entrepreneurs to benefit from schemes.
- Awareness and Education: Raise awareness and provide education about entrepreneurship opportunities and the benefits of business ownership within vulnerable communities.
39) An athlete participates in the Olympics for personal triumph and nation’s glory; victors are showered with cash incentives by various agencies, on their return. Discuss the merit of state-sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation as against the rationale of a reward mechanism as encouragement. (200 words)
The state-sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation plays a crucial role in identifying, nurturing, and developing sporting talent. These programs are instrumental in building a strong sports foundation and promoting excellence in athletics.
Merits of state-sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation
Merits of state-sponsored talent hunt and its cultivation
- Identification of Hidden Talent: These programs actively seek out talented individuals from various regions and communities. By identifying hidden talent at a young age, these initiatives ensure that potential athletes get the opportunity to showcase their skills and pursue a career in sports.
- Early Development and Training: Talent hunt programs facilitate early development and specialized training for promising athletes. This early intervention allows athletes to receive the right guidance, coaching, and resources to excel in their respective sports.
- Access to Quality Infrastructure: Ensures that athletes have access to state-of-the-art sports facilities, training centres, and equipment, which are essential for honing their skills.
- Financial Support: Talent hunt programs often come with financial support, scholarships, or stipends, which help athletes and their families cope with the expenses involved in pursuing sports.
- Fostering Inclusivity: Ensure that sports opportunities are available to diverse social and economic backgrounds.
- Talent Pool for National Teams: A well-structured talent hunt program serves as a talent pool for national sports teams, supplying a continuous stream of skilled athletes who can represent the country.
- Long-Term Sports Development: These initiatives represent a long-term investment in sports development, as they contribute to a strong sporting culture and sustained success in various sports disciplines.
- International Competitiveness: A well-developed talent hunt and cultivation system can enhance a country's international competitiveness in sports, allowing it to compete with stronger sporting nations on the global stage.
- Selection Bias: The talent identification process might be subject to bias, favouring certain regions or communities while neglecting others, leading to potential talent being overlooked.
- Pressure and Stress: Young athletes may face tremendous pressure and stress to perform, which can have negative effects on their mental and emotional well-being.
- Uneven Support and Infrastructure: While some identified talents may receive extensive support, others may have limited access to necessary training facilities, coaching, or equipment.
40) Two parallel run schemes of the Government, viz the Aadhaar Card and NPR, one as voluntary and the other as compulsory, have led to debates at national levels and also litigations. On merits, discuss whether or not both schemes need run concurrently. Analyse the potential of the schemes to achieve developmental benefits and equitable growth. (200 words)
The parallel existence of two government schemes has indeed led to debates and litigations. The question of whether both schemes need to run concurrently depends on their respective purposes and the potential benefits they offer.
Purpose of Aadhar
Purpose of Aadhar
- Unique 12-digit identification number to residents serves as a digital identity, facilitating financial inclusion, and efficient and targeted delivery of various government services.
- Aims to create a comprehensive database of residents, including demographic and biometric information, for better planning and governance.
- Can be utilized to verify citizenship status.
- It can be used for security purposes to identify illegal immigrants.
- Aadhaar primarily focuses on targeted service delivery and financial inclusion, while NPR aims to create a comprehensive national database for planning and census.
- Aadhaar does not collect some demographic data captured by the NPR.
- Eliminating Leakages: Have the potential to eliminate leakages and reduce corruption in the distribution of government benefits and subsidies. Ensures the resources reach the most deserving and marginalized sections of society.
- Empowering Marginalized Sections: These schemes can empower marginalized sections by providing them with better access to essential services and opportunities.
- Planning and Resource Allocation: The data collected through both schemes can aid in evidence-based policy formulation, helping the government allocate resources more efficiently.
- Digitization and Efficiency: These initiatives contribute to the digitization of records and processes, enhancing the efficiency of government services and developmental initiatives.
2013
41) Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finance. (200 words)
The 13th Finance Commission was appointed by the President of India in 2007, and its recommendations were aimed at strengthening the finances of local governments in the country.
Recommendations13th FC which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finance
By providing local governments with greater financial autonomy, incentivising better performance, and strengthening institutional frameworks, the Commission's recommendations sought to promote more effective and accountable local governance.
Recommendations13th FC which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finance
- Increased Share of Central Taxes: Recommended an increase in the share of central taxes devolved to the states from 30.5% to 32%.
- Grant-in-Aid for Local Bodies: Allocation of a significant amount of grant-in-aid directly to the local bodies. This was a shift from the previous practice of giving most grants to the state governments, which then dispersed funds to local bodies at their discretion.
- Grant of performance-based incentives: Recommended performance-based grants to local governments based on their achievement of certain key performance indicators, such as revenue generation, expenditure management, and service delivery. This would incentivize local governments to improve their performance and enhance the quality of governance.
- Disaster Relief Fund for Local Bodies: It suggested the establishment of a dedicated fund for disaster relief at the local body level, recognizing the importance of building resilience at the grassroots level.
- Capacity Building: Proposed increased investment in capacity-building programs for elected representatives and local government officials.
- Strengthening of institutional frameworks: Recommended the strengthening of institutions such as State Finance Commissions and District Planning Committees. This would help to ensure greater accountability and transparency in the management of local finances.
- Promotion of fiscal discipline: Required to adopt fiscal responsibility and budget management laws, and that measures be taken to strengthen financial reporting and auditing mechanisms. This would help to promote greater fiscal discipline and prevent financial mismanagement.
By providing local governments with greater financial autonomy, incentivising better performance, and strengthening institutional frameworks, the Commission's recommendations sought to promote more effective and accountable local governance.
42) The concept of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme is almost a century old in India with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in pre-independent India. The scheme has again been given impetus in most states in the last two decades. Critically examine its twin objectives, latest mandates and success. (200 words)
The Mid Day Meal scheme is a school meal program that provides free food to students in government and government-aided schools in India. The scheme has a long history in India, with early beginnings in Madras Presidency in 1923. By 2002, Cooked Mid-Day Meal (CMDM) was introduced in all government and government-aided primary schools
Objectives of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme
Success of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme
Objectives of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme
- Provide nutritious meal to students to address malnutrition and improve overall health.
- By providing children with a free meal, the scheme aims to encourage families to send their children to school and keep them enrolled.
- Cooked meals with specific nutritional content
- Establishment of kitchen-cum-stores for food preparation
- Implementation of quality control mechanisms
Success of Mid-Day Meal (MDM) scheme
- This scheme helps overcome “classroom hunger” as many children come to school empty stomach or, those coming from distant places, again feel hungry on reaching school, and thus cannot concentrate on studies.
- Increased the nutritional status of the children especially in tribal region.
- Brought a sharp increase in school enrolment and attendance rates across all the states and more importantly narrowing the gender gaps in school attendance rates.
- There is also evidence to suggest that mid-day meals have an important social value and foster equality.
- Scheme has created various good habits in children, such as washing one’s hands before and after eating, use of clean water , good hygiene etc.
- Funding and Budgetary Constraints: Adequate and timely funding is essential to ensure the regular and uninterrupted provision of mid-day meals. Budgetary constraints can lead to fluctuations in food quality and quantity.
- Quality of Meals: Maintaining the quality, taste, and nutritional value of meals can be difficult, particularly when handling large quantities of food in schools.
- Hygiene and Food Safety: Ensuring proper hygiene and food safety standards during meal preparation and serving is critical to prevent foodborne illnesses.
- Nutritional Diversity: Ensuring a diverse and balanced diet with adequate micro-nutrients is essential for children's health and development, but it may be challenging to achieve in certain areas
43) The legitimacy and accountability of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and their patrons, the micro-finance outfits, need systematic assessment and scrutiny for the sustained success of the concept. Discuss. (200 words)
A Self-Help Group is defined as a “self-governed, peer-controlled information group of people with similar socio-economic background and having a desire to collectively perform common purpose”.
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and microfinance outfits have played a significant role in empowering women and marginalized communities, promoting financial inclusion, and reducing poverty in many parts of the world. However, to ensure sustained success and positive impact, it is essential to subject them to systematic assessment and scrutiny.
Need of systematic assessment and scrutiny of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and microfinance outfits have played a significant role in empowering women and marginalized communities, promoting financial inclusion, and reducing poverty in many parts of the world. However, to ensure sustained success and positive impact, it is essential to subject them to systematic assessment and scrutiny.
Need of systematic assessment and scrutiny of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
- Financial Inclusion and Empowerment: It aims to uplift marginalized communities, so it is essential to evaluate whether they are effectively reaching the most vulnerable and underserved populations. A systematic assessment can identify any gaps and help improve targeting strategies.
- Transparency and Accountability: Ensuring transparency in the functioning of microfinance institutions and SHGs is vital to maintain trust among their members and clients. An assessment can check whether these entities adhere to ethical practices, provide clear information about interest rates and repayment terms, and have effective grievance redressal mechanisms.
- Interest Rates and Over-indebtedness: High-interest rates and over-indebtedness have been concerns associated with microfinance. A systematic scrutiny can evaluate the interest rate structure and assess whether the borrowers are at risk of falling into a debt trap.
- Social Impact: Assessing the social impact of microfinance initiatives is essential to understand whether they contribute to poverty reduction, women's empowerment, and overall community development.
- Sustainability: Assessing the long-term sustainability of microfinance institutions and SHGs is crucial to determine their ability to continue providing services and support to their members.
- Government and Regulatory Support: Assessing the role of the government and regulators in supporting and promoting microfinance can help identify areas where policy changes or interventions are needed.
44) The Central Government frequently complains on the poor performance of the State Governments in eradicating suffering of the vulnerable sections of the society. Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes across the sectors for ameliorating the cause of vulnerable sections of population aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation. Critically evaluate. (200 words)
The restructuring of centrally sponsored schemes (CSS) with a focus on ameliorating the condition of vulnerable sections of the population and providing flexibility to states in implementation has both potential advantages and challenges.
Advantages of Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation
Advantages of Restructuring of Centrally sponsored schemes aims at providing flexibility to the States in better implementation
- Customization and Local Context: Allowing states more flexibility in the implementation of schemes enables them to customize interventions based on the specific needs and priorities of their vulnerable populations.
- Innovation and Experimentation: Giving states the freedom to design and implement schemes can encourage innovation and experimentation.
- Administrative Efficiency: By granting them flexibility, the implementation process may become more streamlined and efficient, as decisions can be made more swiftly and responsively.
- Increased Accountability: When states have more autonomy in program implementation, they are more likely to take ownership of the initiatives. This can lead to greater accountability and responsibility for the outcomes achieved.
- Inequitable Distribution: Flexibility can result in variations in implementation approaches across states. This might lead to disparities in the benefits received by vulnerable populations.
- Lack of Capacity: Some states may lack the necessary administrative and financial capacity to effectively design and implement schemes independently. This can hinder the equitable distribution of resources and lead to suboptimal outcomes.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Greater flexibility may make it challenging to assess the overall impact and efficacy of centrally sponsored schemes. A lack of uniformity in implementation approaches could hinder comparative analysis and evaluation.
- Political Influence: The allocation and utilization of funds for vulnerable sections can be influenced by political considerations in some states. This might affect the unbiased targeting of beneficiaries and the actual delivery of benefits.
45) Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes is an ambitious project to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms Comment. (200 words)
Implementing an electronic cash transfer system for welfare schemes is indeed an ambitious project with the potential to bring several positive impacts. Such a system aims to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage, and facilitate reforms in various ways.
Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes: to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms
Electronic cash transfer system for the welfare schemes: to minimize corruption, eliminate wastage and facilitate reforms
- Transparency and Accountability: Electronic cash transfers create a transparent and traceable record of payments, reducing the opportunities for corruption and misuse of funds.
- Reduce Leakages: DBT through electronic cash transfers ensures that welfare benefits reach the eligible beneficiaries directly, bypassing middlemen and reducing leakages in the system.
- Cost-Effectiveness: By eliminating the need for physical cash handling and intermediaries, electronic cash transfers can result in cost savings for the government.
- Financial Inclusion: Implementing electronic cash transfer systems often involves creating bank accounts or digital wallets for beneficiaries. This process can promote financial inclusion and help the unbanked population access formal financial services.
- Data-Driven Policy Formulation: Electronic cash transfer systems generate valuable data. Governments can use this data to analyse the impact of welfare schemes and make data-driven policy decisions.
- Timely Disbursement: Electronic cash transfers enable timely disbursal of funds, ensuring that beneficiaries receive their entitlements promptly.
- Digital Divide: In some regions, especially rural areas, access to digital infrastructure and financial services can be limited. Ensuring universal access to these services is essential to avoid exclusion.
- Cyber security and Privacy Concerns: Safeguarding beneficiary data and ensuring secure transactions are crucial to maintaining public trust.
- Financial Literacy: Beneficiaries need to be educated about how to use digital payment methods effectively. Financial literacy programs are essential to ensure that they understand the process and avoid falling prey to fraud or misinformation.
46) The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment (200 words)
The concept of Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) is to bridge the rural-urban divide by providing basic amenities and services in rural areas, which can improve the standard of living of rural communities and help to reduce migration to urban areas.
Role of Connectivity in the PURA model
Role of Connectivity in the PURA model
- Infrastructure Development; To provide urban amenities in rural areas, it is essential to have proper infrastructure such as roads, highways, and reliable transportation systems. Improved connectivity allows for the efficient movement of goods and services, which is essential for economic growth and development.
- Access to Basic Services: Connectivity ensures that rural areas can access basic services such as healthcare, education, and sanitation. By connecting these areas to urban centres, they can benefit from better-equipped hospitals, educational institutions, and sanitation facilities.
- Technology and Communication: Access to the internet. it enables rural areas to access information, market their products, and participate in e-governance initiatives.
- Economic Opportunities: Connectivity opens up economic opportunities for rural communities. It facilitates the establishment of industries and businesses, leading to job creation and income generation. Improved connectivity also attracts investment, which further fuels economic growth.
- Social Integration: Connectivity brings rural areas closer to urban centres, leading to greater social integration and cultural exchange. This can help break down barriers and foster a sense of national unity.
47) Identify the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that are related to health. Discuss the success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same. (200 words)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight global development targets established by the United Nations in 2000. These goals aimed to address key issues such as poverty, education, gender equality, and health, among others.
Health-related MDGs and success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same
Health-related MDGs and success of the actions taken by the Government for achieving the same
- MDG 4: Reduce Child Mortality: The goal was to reduce the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015.
- The government has taken several measures to achieve this goal, such as strengthening the immunization program, providing Vitamin A supplementation, and promoting breastfeeding.
- According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16, the under-five mortality rate in India has declined from 74 to 50 deaths per 1,000 live births between 2005-06 and 2015-16.
- MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health: The goal was to reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015.
- The government has taken several measures to achieve this goal, such as promoting institutional deliveries, providing skilled birth attendants, and improving access to emergency obstetric care.
- According to the NFHS-4, the maternal mortality ratio in India has declined from 254 to 130 per 1,00,000 live births between 2005-06 and 2015-16.
- MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases: The goal was to halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
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- The government has taken several measures to achieve this goal, such as scaling up the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), providing free antiretroviral therapy (ART) to people living with HIV/AIDS, and promoting the use of insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria prevention.
- According to the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in India has declined from 0.38% in 2001 to 0.22% in 2017.