• In Indian Heritage and Culture, the section covers the salient aspects of Art forms, literature, and Architecture from ancient to modern times. 
• In the Modern Indian History section, questions from the middle of the eighteenth century appear to include significant events, personalities and issues. 
• The Freedom Struggle includes various stages, important contributors, and contributions from different parts of the country. 
• Post-Independence consolidation and reorganisation within the nation.
• In History and Geography of the World, the section includes events from the 18th century such as the Industrial Revolution, world wars, the redraw of national boundaries, colonisation, decolonisation, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism, and their forms and effects on society. 
• Important aspects of Indian society, diversity of India.
• Role of Women and Organisations run by Women, World Population and associated complications, issues related to poverty and development, and problems and remedies related to urbanisation.  
• How Globalisation affects Indian society
• Social empowerment, regionalism & secularism, communalism
• Important Characteristics of Physical Geography of the World
• Distribution of important natural resources around the World including South Asia and the Indian Sub-continent. Also, you can expect questions from factors responsible for the industrial locations of Primary, secondary and tertiary sectors in different parts of the World. 
• Major Geophysical phenomena include earthquakes, tsunamis, Volcanic activities, cyclones and so forth. 
• Geographical features and their major shifts, including water bodies and ice caps.
• Flora and fauna and the effects of changes happening to their existence in each location. 

Civil Services Exam Syllabus Mains General Studies – II

Civil Services Exam Syllabus Mains General Studies- II or GS II is the paper III of the UPSC Mains Examination. This paper majorly covers topics like Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations. Read further regarding the syllabus of upsc cse for the Mains examination in detail.

• From the Constitution of India, you can expect questions related to underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure. 
• Functions and Duties of the Union Territories and State, problems and challenges in association with federal structure, distribution of powers and finances from local to higher level and the related challenges. 
• Separations of powers between the various departments in an organisation, the disputes associated with it and possible remedial mechanisms. 
• Comparison of Indian Constitutional Schemes with other countries
• Structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers and privileges and complications associated with Parliament and State Legislatures. 
• Structure, organisation and functioning of the executive and Judiciary bodies. It includes Ministries and Departments of the Government, pressure groups formal and informal associations and their role in the Polity.
• Important characteristics of the Representation of People’s Act
• Identifying various constitutional posts, their powers, functions and duties in various constitutional bodies.
• Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
• Government policies and interventions for development in various Government sectors.
• Issues arising for their developmental design and implementation.
• Development processes and development industry- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders. 
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the nation’s population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes including mechanisms, laws, institutions and bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
• Associated issues on the development and management of the Social Sector or services related to Health, Education and Human Resources.
• Various issues related to poverty and hungry
• Crucial aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance application, models, successes, limitations, and potential. Also includes citizen charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures. 
• Position of civil service in democracy
• India and its relation with neighbourhood countries
• Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements related to India and how it affect the interest of India
• How policies and politics of developed and developing countries affect the interest of India, Indian Diaspora.
• Important International institutions, agencies and fora with their important structure.